1. Gastrointestinal Tract
Chapter 17
Gastrointestinal Tract

2. Structure & Function Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is concerned with:
Made up of the:

4. Cleft Lip & Cleft Palate
Embryologically, the face and palate form when proliferating cell masses merge to form:
Multifactorial inheritance leads to developmental defects
Cleft lip is a defect in the:
Cleft palate is a defect in the:

5. Types of cleft lip and palate abnormalities viewed from below
Fig 17-1

6. Cleft Lip and Palate

7. Tooth Development Tooth is anchored in the jaw by connective tissue
Each tooth consists of:
Dentine which is:
Enamel which covers:
Pulp cavity in center of the tooth which contain:
Root is embedded in the:
Covered by a small layer of bone-like material called:
Tooth is anchored in the jaw by connective tissue

8. Dental caries
Infectious disease of teeth due to bacteria on tooth surface
Plaque is made up of:
Predispose to:
Caused by bacteria feeding on food materials such as sugars & starches
Acids are released that:
Bacteria invade forming:
If left untreated, bacteria invade the pulp resulting in:
Spread of the infection to the bone surrounding the dental root results in:

9. Dental caries: Prevention & Treatment
Incidence of tooth decay can be reduced by:
Dental caries are treated by:

10. Periodontal disease
Bacteria and debris collect around the base of the teeth
Inflammation only affecting the gums surrounding the root is called:
Inflammation and infection between the gums and teeth is called:
Infection may spread into the tooth socket causing:

11. Diseases of the Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the:
Upper sphincter relaxes to allow:
Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) relaxes to allow:

12. Diseases of the Esophagus
Incompetent Cardiac Sphincter
Allows for:
Lining of esophagus becomes:
Called:
Long-term reflux can lead to bleeding, ulceration, and scarring of esophagus
In some individuals the lining becomes metaplastic which increases the risk of developing adenocarcinoma
Treatment consists of:

13. Diseases of the Esophagus
Gastric Mucosal Tears
Occur in the gastroesophageal junction due to:
Can bleed extensively
Most often follows:

14. Gastric mucosal tear caused by retching and vomiting
Fig. 17-6

15. Gastritis Is inflammation of the: Acute gastritis is a:
May be complicated by: ulceration & bleeding
Most caused by:
Chronic gastritis:
Produces compounds that break down:
Spreads via person-to-person through:
Increased risk of:

16. Peptic ulcer Is a chronic ulcer that usually involves the:
Results from:
H. pylori infection predisposes a person to ulceration
Produce pain which is usually relieved by:
Complications:
Usually treated with:
Antacids:
Antibiotic therapy:

17. Inflammatory Diseases of the Intestines
Enteritis:
Colitis:
Gastroenteritis:

18. Inflammatory Diseases of the Intestines
Acute enteritis is usually caused by:
Are generally of:
Symptoms include:
Chronic enteritis is characterized by periodic flare-ups manifested by:
Patients may also have inflammation of other tissue
Two main diseases appear to be autoimmune:
Crohn Disease
Ulcerative colitis

19. Inflammatory Diseases of the Intestines
Crohn disease is:
Distal ilium is frequently involved but may involve any part of small intestine & possibly the colon
Thickening & scarring of intestinal wall can narrow lumen which impedes:
Treatment: drugs and possible surgical resection of affected part of bowel

20. Inflammatory Diseases of the Intestines
Ulcerative colitis:
Usually begins in the:
Mucosa may bleed excessively:
Treatment: symptomatic and supportive measures, antibiotics, corticosteroids to control flare-ups, immunosuppressive drugs, surgical resection

21. Inflammatory Diseases of the Intestines
Appendicitis occurs when the opening to the appendix becomes blocked by:
Normal secretions become blocked and create:
This leads to compression of:
Bacteria invade the wall of the appendix causing:
Symptoms include:
Treatment:

22. Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa is a condition in which a person has a:
Lose weight by:
May also:
Most often occurs in:
Many bodily processes such as menstrual cycle are disrupted and may lead to death if not treated
Treatment requires:

23. Eating Disorders Bulemia nervosa is characterized by:
Weight is usually maintained leaving family and friends:
Risk of gastric mucosa tears from retching and vomiting
Dental problems and metabolic alkalosis from vomiting-induced loss of gastric acid
Treatment similar to treatment of anorexia nervosa

24. Diseases of the Colon
Diverticulosis is a condition of diverticula which are:
Usually occurs in:
Small hard stools require increase intraluminal pressure to:
High pressure predisposes someone to the condition
Diverticulitis occurs when:

25. Diverticulosis of colon
Diverticulosis of colon. Exterior of colon, illustrating several diverticula projecting through the wall of the colon.
Fig A

26. Diverticula of colon demonstrated by injection of barlum contrast material into colon (barium enema)
Fig C

27. Intestinal Obstruction
A person is said to have an intestinal obstruction if:
Always considered as:
Severity of symptoms depends on:
High intestinal obstruction occurs in:
Symptoms include:
Low intestinal obstruction occurs in:

28. Intestinal Obstruction
Hernia is:
Inguinal hernia is common in:
loop of small bowel protrudes through a weak area in inguinal ring and may descend into:
Umbilical hernia occurs when:

29. Intestinal Obstruction
Hernia
Reducible hernia:
Incarcerated hernia:
Strangulated hernia:

30. Inguinal Hernia

31. Umbilical hernia, infant
Fig 17-20
Inguinal hernia, bilateral, extending into scrotum
Fig 17-19

32. Intestinal Obstruction
Volvulus is:
Most often occurs in:
Intussusception is: a telescoping of a segment of bowel into adjacent segment

33. Volvulus and Intussusception

34. Intussusception resulting from a colon tumor
Fig

35. Fig
Volvulus A. Rotary twisting of sigmoid colon on its mesentery B. Obstruction of colon and interruption of blood supply

36. Hemorrhoids Are varicose veins of: Development is predisposed by:
Symptoms are relieved by:
Internal hemorrhoids occur in:
May erode and bleed, become thrombosed, or prolapse
External hemorrhoids occur in:
May become thrombosed, causing discomfort

37. Hemorrhoids

38. ??QUESTIONS??