1. AP Biology Crosby High School
Fungi
AP Biology
Crosby High School

2. Absorptive Nutrition Secretes Hydrolytic Coenzymes Types of absorption
Saprobes
Parasitic
Mutualistic

3. Extensive Surface Area and Rapid Growth
Hyphae: tiny filaments that make fungal body
Tubular walls surrounding plasma membrane
Mycelium: interwoven hyphae
Septa: cross-wall divides Hyphae into cells
Cell walls made of Chitin
Coenocytic: Aseptate
Haustoria: Hyphal tips that penetrate host tissue

4. Fungi Reproduction Can be asexual or sexual
Produce spores that disperse
Spores need a moist habitat to grow
Puffballs
Most fungi have heterokaryotic stages
Most nuclei are haploid
Heterokaryon: Fusion of two Hyphae

5. Sexual Life Cycle Heterokaryon
Two nuclei exist in different parts of mycelium
Nuclei may mingle and exchange genes
Plasmogamy: Fusion of parental cytoplasm
Karyogamy: Fusion of haploid nuclei
Dikaryotic: Interim btwn. Plas. and Kary.

6. Phylum Chytridiomycota
Mainly aquatic
Saprobes
Parasitic attack plant, protists and animals
Originally classified under protists
Absorptive
Chitin cell walls
Most form Coenocytic Hyphae
Flagella suggest early origin

7. Phylum Zygomycota Mostly terrestrial
Mycorrhizae: mutualist w/ plant roots
Coenocytic w/ septa only at reproductive cells
Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold)
Asexual phase forms bulbs containing spores
Reproduces sexually if conditions deteriorate
Pilobolus: aims spores

8. Phylum Ascomycota Among most devastating plant pathogens
Saprobes of plants
½ are mutualists w/ algae as lichens
Spore production in Asci
Many asexual spores at tips of Conidiophores
Naked spores called Conidia

9. Heterokaryotic Stage Plasmogamy produces ascogonium
Cells at tips develop into asci
Karyogamy combines parental genomes and meiosis forms 4 ascospores
Mitosis doubles ascospore number

10. Phylum Basidiomycota Basidium: Club Fungus (“Little Pedestal”)
Decomposers of wood
Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffball, rusts and smuts
Periodically produce Basidiocarps
Asexual reproduction less common
Mushrooms sprout in a few hours

11. Other Classifications
Molds: Rapidly growing, asexual fungi
Refer only to asexual spores early in life
May become sexual as Zygosporangia, Ascocarp, or Basidiocarp
Deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi)
Yeasts: Unicellular fungi in moist env.
Cellular division or budding
Some rep. sexually: Ascomycota or Basidiomycota
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

12. Other Classifications (cont.)
Yeasts (cont.)
Rhodotorula: shower curtains
Candida: present in epithelial tissue
Lichens
Mutualistic w/ algae
Algae provide food (cyanobacteria fixes Nitrogen)
Fungus provides env. Water, minerals, gas exchange, protecttion
Reproduce as asexual symbiont (Soredia)
Mycorrhizae: Mutualistic plant roots and fungi

13. Ecological Impact Decompose and recycle elements Pathogens
Claviceps purpurea
Forms ergots on rye
Lysergic acid causes Gangrene, nervous spasms, burning sensations, hallucinations, and temporary insanity
Mycosis
Ringworms
Candida albicans
Commercial use
Many types of consumptions
Penicillin comes from Penicillium

14. Lichen Structure

15. Basidiomycota

16. Basidiomycota Life Cycle

17. Fairy Ring

18. Ascomycota Life Cycle

19. Zygomycota Life Cycle

20. Fungi Structure