1. Microprocessor or Microcontroller

2. Von Neumann Architecture
Memory
Input and Output (I/O)
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
control unit
Although there are many different kinds of microprocessors and microprocessor-based systems, most microprocessors are designed using the same architecture. The most popular computer architecture used nowadays is the von Neumann architecture. More complex systems use the Harvard architecture (to be explained in Lecture 11). The von Neumann architecture divides the computer system into five parts: computation unit, control unit, memory, input, and output. Generally, the computation and control unit together are called the central processing unit (CPU). Input and output are also normally considered together and referred to as I/O.
I/O
CPU
Memory

3. Buses Communication is needed among components.
Wires connecting the components are called buses.
There are three types of buses:
address,
data, and
control.
CPU
Memory
I/O
We have mentioned that a microcomputer includes three fundamental components, Central Processing Unit (CPU), Main Memory (MM), and Input/Output (I/O). These three components are connected by sets of parallel electric conductors (wires), called buses. A bus is a set of parallel connections between components. There are three types of buses in a microcomputer: address, data, and control. The address bus is used mainly by the microprocessor to indicate which particular address in main memory or which I/O port needs to be accessed. The data bus is used for retrieving information from main memory or I/O for the microprocessor, or for storing the information from the microprocessor to memory or I/O. The control bus is responsible for transmitting task commands such as “read” and “write” to the memory and I/O components and for receiving corresponding responses from them.
Address bus
Data bus
Control bus

4. Buses: 68HC12 Address Bus Communication is needed among components.
Wires connecting the components are called buses.
There are three types of buses:
address, (16 bits)
data,
control.
CPU
Memory
I/O .
Address bus
Data bus
Control bus

5. Buses: 68HC12 Data Bus Communication is needed among components.
Wires connecting the components are called buses.
There are three types of buses:
address,
data, (8 or 16 bits)
control.
CPU
Memory
I/O ..
Address bus
Data bus
Control bus

6. Buses: 68HC12 Control Bus Communication is needed among components.
Wires connecting the components are called buses.
There are three types of buses:
address,
data,
control.
CPU
Memory
I/O .
Address bus
Data bus
Control bus

7. Computer Operation
The computer executes instructions consisting of opcodes and operands, which are stored sequentially in memory as binary numbers.
The program counter points to the next instruction to be executed.
Operands may be data or addresses or address increments.
A stored program computer merely does what it is told. The computer fetches an instruction, performs the tasks dictated by that instruction and then fetches the next instruction. The instructions are stored sequentially in memory and executed in a sequential manner unless program logic dictates a branch.
Nearly all computers use zero/one logic in the hardware and therefore store their instructions and data as binary numbers. Although values may be represented as hex or decimal numbers in a program, they are stored in memory in binary representation.

8. Computer Operation: 68HC12
The computer executes instructions consisting of opcodes and operands, which are stored sequentially in memory as binary numbers.
The 68HC12 instruction set contains 209 instructions.
The program counter (PC register) points to the next instruction to be executed.
The 68HC12 address bus is 16 bits wide so its PC register is a 16-bit register.
Operands may contain data or addresses.
The number of bytes of operands depends on the instruction.
A stored program computer merely does what it is told. The computer fetches an instruction, performs the tasks dictated by that instruction and then fetches the next instruction. The instructions are stored sequentially in memory and executed in a sequential manner unless program logic dictates a branch.
Nearly all computers use zero/one logic in the hardware and therefore store their instructions and data as binary numbers. Although values may be represented as hex or decimal numbers in a program, they are stored in memory in binary representation.

9. Microprocessor – Basic concept
ADDRESS BUS 32-bit / 64-bit wide
CONTROL BUS Timing signals, ready signals, interrupts etc
DATA BUS – bidirectional 8-bit / 16-bit / 32-bit / 128-bit
CPU
contains
CCU ALU data registers and pointer registers
Microprocessor, by-itself, completely useless – must have external peripherals to
Interact with outside world
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

10. MicroPROCESSOR – Basic concept
CONTROL BUS
ADDRESS BUS
DATA BUS
CPU
contains
CCU ALU data registers and pointer registers
BOOT ROM
Used at startup
Instruction (program) ROM
Transducers
Keyboard Screen UART Parallel interface
etc
Data RAM
Microprocessor, by-itself, completely useless – must have external peripherals to
Interact with outside world
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

11. Every external device needs this amount of support “glue logic” to work
ADDRESS BUS
DECODE LOGIC
Address strobe
Data strobe
Read/Write control
CS – chip select
Device itself with all necessary internal logic to do the things it needs to do
External Device
OE Output Enable other signals such as interrupt signals, etc
DATA BUS
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

12. Issues with external devices
Many pins
Mechanical failure rates increased
Design time increased – routing issues
Cost increased, board size increased
Continually redesigning same thing
Compatibility between parts
Upgrade part
Many similar options between different projects
In Real-life -- Don’t need “100% flexibility”
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

13. MicroCONTROLLER – Basic concept
ADDRESS
DATA
CPU
contains
CCU ALU data registers and pointer registers
BOOT ROM
Used at startup
Instruction (program) ROM
Transducers
UART Parallel interface
Etc
Data RAM
Microcontroller – put a limited amount of most commonly used resources
“inside” the chip – a “limited” amount is often “enough” for many applications
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

14. Advantages of microCONTROLLER over microPROCESSOR
Pin count down
Design time down, Board layout size down
Upgrade path easier – matching between peripherals for speed
Cost down – bulk purchases
Reliability up
Common software / hardware design environment available from manufacturer
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

15. Issues when using microcontroller
Two types of memory – speed issues when using
On-chip – fast, easy to access, “almost as fast as using a register”, limited amount of on-chip memory available
Off-chip – slower to access – additional cost
Use on-chip memory in a “cache” mode (copy off-chip data to on-chip when processing data, then copy back)
External components still there
E.g. Video CODECs – need to use DMA – Direct Memory Access – so that the controller can get on with the “processing” and let something else worry about moving data in and out of the chip
Real time environment
Event driven – can’t WAIT for a device to become ready, can’t POLL to see if device is ready, interrupt handling is key
All these resources are “power hungry” and compete for resources (data busses etc) – special features to control power use
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

16. Components of the Blackfin Board From smallest to largest
Processor Core
One core on Blackfin ADSP-BF533 processor
Two cores on Blackfin ADSP-BF561 processor
Processor itself
core + some memory + some other built incapability
Blackfin Evaluation board
Don’t forget the software development package VisualDSP++
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

17. Blackfin ADSP-BF533 CORE THIS IS ANIMATED
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

18. Some key discussed elements from the previous slide
Why did the processor designers allow 2 loads from memory at the same time, a load and store at the same time, but not two stores at the same time?
Why would the processor designers place 8-bit ALUs operations available on a processor that has 32-bit registers?
Give an example of an instruction where four 8-bit ALU operations occur at the same time
Give an example of an instruction where two 16-bit ALU operations occur at the same time
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

19. CORE
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada
The “chip” itself

20. Exercise 1.1 What are the three basic components of a microcomputer?
What are the three buses in a microcomputer?
What is the functionality of each bus?
The address bus of the 68HC12 has 16 bits. How many different memory addresses can the 68HC12 access?
How many address lines are necessary to address one kilobyte of memory?
How many address lines are necessary to address one megabyte memory?

21. Enter the key elements from previous slide
Will you learn to “flash” memory in this class, and how would you do it and why?
What does a watch-dog timer do – and “how do you find out how to feed it?”
What does the acronym MMU stand for?
What does the acronym SPI stand for, and in what labs will we be using the SPI?
When is the PPI used?
What’s a real time clock?
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

22. 13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada
EVALUATION BOARD

23. Lab. 1 – demonstration of microcontroller capability
Use the microcontroller
Configure the FLASH memory
Contains memory and also I/O components (input / output)
Use the FLASH memory I/O capability to control the LED
Configure the PF I/O lines (Programmable flags)
Used to control many of the external devices (chip select and timing lines)
Used as input (Lab. 2) and / or interrupt lines (Lab. 3)
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

24. Push-button switches (PF lines) LED (controlled by FLASH memory logic)
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

25. Need to learn how to “configure” the flash memory so that
We can control the LEDs
If we can control the LED’s then we have signals that could be used for a “radio-controlled” car
Parallel interfaces present on the FLASH memory chips
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

26. Configure the PF lines (Programmable Flags – Input and output pins)
Animated
Replace one button input with the input of a temperature transducer and you have designed a “Software controlled thermometer”
TMP03 will be used in Laboratory 2
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

27. Control of the PF lines – how / why?
FIO_FLAG_D – Data register FIO_EDGE Edge register FIO_DIR Direction register FIO_POLAR -- Polarity register
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

28. PF lines being used already to control other devices – “We are not alone!!”
When we change the PF registers bits, we must ONLY change those over which we have control
PF8, PF9, PF10, PF11
Must learn the instructions to safely change some register bits and not others (AND and OR instructions)
FIO_FLAG_D register has 16 I/O pins (Flag pins) available
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

29. Enter the key elements from previous slide
Which A/D is used on the Blackfin board?
Why are the signals that control the LED’s coming from the FLASH?
What does SPORT1 means, and what external device is being controlled by it?
How does the SPORT device allow “time sharing” of the bus by several different external devices?
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

30. Audio-Video Interaction of ADSP-BF533 Ez-Kit Lite with the outside world
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

31. 13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

32. Review quiz CPU stands for CCU stands for ALU stands for
DMA stands for
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

33. Review Quiz
How come the FLASH memory must be used to control the LEDs and not the GPIO register pins (general purpose I/O)?
Why can’t we use PF0 line in Lab. 2 to read temperature transducer input signals?
Why will AND and OR operations be necessary when we control the PF I/O lines?
What does PF stand for?
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada

34. Tackled today Basic microprocessor Concept of a microcontroller
Difference between the Blackfin microcontroller and Blackfin Ez-Kit Lite evaluation board
Capabilities of the ADSP-BF533 Blackfin Ez-Kit Lite evaluation board
Various acronyms that will be used in the course
13 September 2006
Differences between a microprocessor and a microcontroller M. Smith, University of Calgary, Canada