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Honors Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 10

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1 Honors Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 10
The Senses Honors Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 10

2 10.1: Introduction Senses derive from sensory receptors – they detect changes in environment and trigger impulses to CNS General senses Receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body __________________ Structurally _________ Special senses Specialized receptors confined to structures in the head Structurally ___________

3 10.2: Receptors, Sensation, and Perception
Sensory receptors Specialized cells or multi-cellular structures that collect information from the environment Stimulate neurons to send impulses along sensory (afferent) fibers to the brain Sensation Perception

4

5 Receptor Types Chemoreceptors Respond to changes in ________________
Pain receptors (nociceptors) Respond to chemicals released _______________ Thermoreceptors Respond to changes in ____________ Mechanoreceptors Respond to ____________________________ Photoreceptors Respond to __________

6 Sensations and Perception
Sensation VS. Perception sensation – __________________________ perception – ___________________________ Pain is the sensation, realizing that you have the pain is the perception Projection _______________________________________ It allows a person to pinpoint the region of stimulation; therefore, the eyes seem to see and the ears seem to hear

7 Sensory Adaptation _______________________________
Involves a decreased response to a particular stimulus from the receptors (peripheral adaptation) or along the CNS pathways leading to the cerebral cortex (central adaptation) Sensory impulses become less frequent and may cease Stronger stimulus is required to trigger impulses

8 10.3: General Senses Three (3) groups:
Senses associated with skin, muscles, joints and viscera Three (3) groups: Exteroceptive senses (exteroceptors) Senses associated with __________________________ Visceroceptive senses (interoceptors) Senses associated with changes in the _____________________________________________ Proprioceptive senses Senses associated with changes in ______________________________________

9 Touch and Pressure Senses
Free nerve endings ___________________ Tactile (Meissners) corpuscles _________________________ Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles _____________________________

10 Touch and Pressure Receptors
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Free nerve endings Section of skin Epithelial cells Epidermis Sensory (afferent) nerve fiber (a) Epithelial cells Dermis Tactile (Meissners) corpuscle (touch receptor) Sensory (afferent) nerve fiber (b) Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle (pressure receptor) Connective tissue cells Sensory (afferent) nerve fiber (c) © Ed Reschke

11 Temperature Senses Warm receptors
Sensitive to temperatures above _____________ Unresponsive to temperature above ___________ Cold receptors Sensitive to temperatures between ____________ and ___________ Pain receptors Respond to temperatures below ________ Respond to temperatures above ________

12 Sense of Pain Free nerve endings Widely distributed
_____________________________ Stimulated by tissue damage, chemical, mechanical forces, or extremes in temperature _________________________

13 Visceral Pain Pain receptors are the only receptors in viscera whose stimulation produces sensations Pain receptors respond differently to stimulation Pain receptors are ______________ Pain receptors may feel as if coming from some other part of the body Known as ___________…

14 Referred Pain May occur due to sensory impulses from two regions following a common nerve pathway to brain Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lung and diaphragm Liver and gallbladder Liver and gallbladder Heart Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Ovary (female) Appendix Colon Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder

15 Pain Nerve Pathways Acute pain fibers ___________
Conduct impulses _______ Associated with ________ Well localized _________ continues after after stimulus stops Chronic pain fibers _____________ Conduct impulses more ________ Associated with ________ Difficult to pinpoint Pain _________ for some time after stimulus stops

16 Regulation of Pain Impulses
Thalamus _______________________ Cerebral cortex __________________ _________________________________ Pain inhibiting substances: Enkephalins – Serotonin – Endorphins –

17

18 10.4: Special Senses Sensory receptors are within large, complex sensory organs in the head Smell in olfactory organs Taste in taste buds Hearing and equilibrium in ears Sight in eyes

19 10.5 Sense of Smell Olfactory receptors _______________
Respond to chemicals dissolved in liquids Aid in food selection – you smell same time as you eat it Olfactory organs Contain olfactory receptors and supporting epithelial cells Cover parts of nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae, and a portion of the nasal septum

20 Olfactory Receptors Pge 279 Nerve fibers within the olfactory bulb
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nerve fibers within the olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Olfactory bulb Cribriform plate Olfactory area of nasal cavity Superior nasal concha Nasal cavity Cilia Olfactory receptor cells Columnar epithelial cells Cribriform plate (a) (b)

21 Olfactory Nerve Pathways
Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through ______________ _____________ ___________ ___________ (for emotions) and ______________ (for interpretation)

22 Olfactory Stimulation
Olfactory organs are high up in the nasal cavity therefore faint odors need a vigorous sniff to detect Olfactory receptor cells has only __________ of olfactory receptor, but that receptor can bind to many different types of odorant molecules. Olfactory receptor cells can code for many _______________________________ Olfactory receptors undergo sensory ________________; however, adaptation to one scent will ____________ sensitivity to new odors Sense of smell drops by _______ within a second after stimulation

23 Olfactory stimulation

24 10.6 Sense of Taste Taste buds – _______________ Organs of ______
Located on __________,________,____________,___________ Taste receptors ___________ Taste cells – _____________ Taste pore – _____________ Taste hairs –microvilli that _____________________

25 Taste Receptors Page 281 Papillae Taste buds Epithelium of tongue
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Papillae Taste buds Epithelium of tongue Taste cell (a) Taste hair Supporting cell Connective tissue Taste pore Sensory (afferent) nerve fibers (b)

26 Stimulation of a receptor cell triggers an impulse on a nearby fiber, and the impulse then travels into the brain A chemical _____________ in the watery fluid surrounding the taste bud in order for it to be tasted

27 Taste Sensations Taste cells appear alike microscopically, however, there are 5 types Four primary taste sensations Sweet – stimulated by ________ Sour – stimulated by ______ Salty – stimulated by ________ Bitter – stimulated by many _____________ Spicy foods activate ________ receptors

28 Taste Nerve Pathways Sensory impulses from taste receptors travel along: Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X to… Medulla oblongata to… Thalamus to… Gustatory cortex (for interpretation) in the ______ lobe VII = facial IX = glossopharnygeal X = vagus

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30 10.7 Sense of Hearing Ear Organ of hearing Three (3) sections:
External ear Middle ear Inner ear

31 External Ear Auricle ______________ External auditory meatus
Lined with ceruminous glands ________________ Terminates with tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Semicircular canals Auricle Incus Stapes Cochlea Malleus Vestibulocochlear nerve Oval window (under stapes) Round window Tympanic cavity Tympanic membrane External acoustic meatus Auditory tube Pharynx

32 Middle Ear Tympanic cavity ____________ in temporal bone
Auditory ossicles Vibrate in response to tympanic membrane ____________________ Hammer, anvil and stirrup Oval window ___________________ Stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Semicircular canals Auricle Incus Stapes Cochlea Malleus Vestibulocochlear nerve Oval window (under stapes) Round window Tympanic cavity Tympanic membrane External acoustic meatus Auditory tube Pharynx

33 Auditory Tube Also known as the _____________
Connects middle ear to throat ______________________ Usually closed by valve-like flaps in throat Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Semicircular canals Auricle Incus Stapes Cochlea Malleus Vestibulocochlear nerve Oval window (under stapes) Round window Tympanic cavity Tympanic membrane External acoustic meatus Auditory tube Pharynx

34 Inner Ear Complex system of labyrinths Osseous labyrinth
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Complex system of labyrinths Osseous labyrinth Bony canal in temporal bone Filled with ___________ Membranous labyrinth Tube within osseous labyrinth Bony labyrinth Perilymph Membranous labyrinth Bony labyrinth (contains perilymph) Endolymph Membranous labyrinth (contains endolymph) Semicircular canals Utricle Vestibular nerve Saccule Cochlear nerve Scala vestibuli (cut) Scala tympani (cut) Cochlear duct (cut) containing endolymph Ampullae Oval window Vestibule Round window Maculae Cochlea (a)

35 Inner Ear Three (3) parts of labyrinths: Cochlea Functions in _______
Semicircular canals Functions in ___________ Vestibule Functions in ____________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bony labyrinth Perilymph Membranous labyrinth Bony labyrinth (contains perilymph) Endolymph Membranous labyrinth (contains endolymph) Semicircular canals Utricle Vestibular nerve Saccule Cochlear nerve Scala vestibuli (cut) Scala tympani (cut) Cochlear duct (cut) containing endolymph Ampullae Oval window Vestibule Round window Maculae Cochlea (a)

36 Cochlea Scala vestibuli ______ compartment
Leads from oval window to apex of spiral Part of bony labyrinth Scala tympani _______ compartment Extends from apex of the cochlea to round window Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stapes vibrating in oval window Helicotrema Scala vestibuli filled with perilymph Vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Scala tympani filled with perilymph Membranous labyrinth Cochlear duct filled with endolymph Round window

37 Cochlea Page 285 Cochlear duct
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cochlear duct Portion of membranous labyrinth in cochlea Vestibular membrane Separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli Basilar membrane Separates cochlear duct from scala tympani Scala vestibuli (contains perilymph) Vestibular membrane Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Branch of cochlear nerve Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Basilar membrane Scala tympani (contains perilymph) (a)

38 Organ of Corti ________________________
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ________________________ Different _________ of vibration move different parts of basilar membrane Particular sound frequencies cause hairs of receptor cells to bend Nerve impulse generated Scala vestibuli (contains perilymph) Vestibular membrane Cochlear duct (contains endolymph) Branch of cochlear nerve Spiral organ (organ of Corti) Basilar membrane Scala tympani (contains perilymph) (a) Tectorial membrane Hair cells Basilar membrane Branch of cochlear nerve Nerve fibers Supporting cells (b)

39 Organ of Corti Cochlear duct Tectorial membrane Scala tympani
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cochlear duct Tectorial membrane Scala tympani Hair cells Basilar membrane (a) (b) a: © John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited; b: © Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited

40 Sense of Hearing video Animation - How the ear works

41 Auditory Nerve Pathways
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stimuli enter auditory cortex are interpreted and impulses are crossed over so sound is interpreted on both sides of the brain Auditory cortex (temporal lobe) Thalamus Medial geniculate body of thalamus Midbrain Pons Cochlear nuclei Superior olivary nucleus Vestibulocochlear nerve Medulla oblongata

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43 10.8 Sense of Equilibrium Static equilibrium Vestibule
Senses ____________ Dynamic Equilibrium Semicircular canals Senses ____________

44 Vestibule (_________)
Utricle Communicates with _______ and membranous portion of semicircular canals Saccule Communicates with ___________ Macula _______ of utricle and saccule Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vestibulocochlear nerve Ampullae of semicircular canals Cochlea Utricle Cochlear duct Maculae Saccule Vestibule

45 Macula ________ equilibrium
Page 287 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Responds to changes in __________ Bending of hairs results in generation of nerve impulse Impulse conducted to CNS via ______________ nerve Hairs of hair cells bend Otoliths Gelatinous material sags Macula of utricle Hair cells Sensory (afferent) nerve fiber Supporting cells Gravitational force (a) Head upright (b) Head bent forward

46 Semicircular Canals dynamic equilibrium
Three (3) canals at right angles Ampulla contains ______________ Crista ampullaris _____________ of ampulla Hair cells and supporting cells Rapid turns of head or body stimulate hair cells but the fluid remains stationary indicating movement of the head Other sensory structures (eyes, joints of the neck) inform the brain about position of body parts Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Vestibulocochlear nerve Ampullae of semicircular canals Utricle Cochlea Cochlear duct Maculae Saccule Vestibule

47 Crista Ampullaris Page 288 (a) Head in still position
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Endolymph Semicircular canal (a) Head in still position Crista ampullaris Ampulla Cupula Crista ampullaris Hairs Hair cell Supporting cells Sensory (afferent) nerve fibers (b) Head rotating (c)

48 10.9 Sense of Sight Visual accessory organs Eyelids Lacrimal apparatus
Extrinsic eye muscles

49 Eyelid Page 289 Composed of four (4) layers: _______ ________
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Composed of four (4) layers: _______ ________ Orbicularis oculi – ___________ Levator palpebrae superioris – _________ Tarsal glands – _____________ Conjunctiva – mucous membrane; ________________ Tendon of levator palpebrae superioris Superior rectus Orbicularis oculi Eyelid Tarsal glands Eyelash Cornea Conjunctiva Inferior rectus

50 Lacrimal Apparatus Lacrimal gland Lateral to eye __________ Canaliculi
___________ Lacrimal sac Collects from canaliculi Nasolacrimal duct ______________ Lysozyme ___________________ Reduces the rick of eye infections Page 290 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lacrimal gland Superior and inferior canaliculi Lacrimal sac Nasolacrimal duct

51 Extrinsic Eye Muscles oculomotor (III) oculomotor (III)
Superior rectus oculomotor (III) _______________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Medial rectus Superior rectus Superior oblique Inferior rectus oculomotor (III) ______________ Medial rectus oculomotor (III) ____________ Lateral rectus (cut) Inferior rectus Inferior oblique

52 Extrinsic Eye Muscles abducens (VI) trochlear (IV) oculomotor (III)
Lateral rectus abducens (VI) __________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Medial rectus Superior rectus Superior oblique Superior oblique trochlear (IV) ____________ Inferior oblique oculomotor (III) ____________ Lateral rectus (cut) Inferior rectus Inferior oblique

53 Structure of the Eye Page 291 Hollow Spherical
Wall has three (3) layers: Outer fibrous tunic Middle vascular tunic Inner nervous tunic Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral rectus Retina Ciliary body Choroid coat Suspensory ligaments Sclera Vitreous humor Iris Lens Fovea centralis Pupil Cornea Aqueous humor Anterior chamber Optic nerve Anterior cavity Posterior chamber Optic disc Posterior cavity Medial rectus

54 Outer Tunic Page 291 Cornea Anterior portion __________
Focus _________ Few blood cells No _________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral rectus Retina Ciliary body Choroid coat Suspensory ligaments Sclera Vitreous humor Iris Lens Fovea centralis Pupil Sclera Posterior portion Opaque _____________ __________ attachment for __________ Cornea Aqueous humor Anterior chamber Optic nerve Anterior cavity Posterior chamber Optic disc Posterior cavity Medial rectus

55 Middle Tunic Iris Anterior portion _________ Controls _________
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral rectus Retina Ciliary body Choroid coat Suspensory ligaments Sclera Ciliary body Anterior portion ________ Holds ______ Moves ___________ Vitreous humor Iris Lens Fovea centralis Pupil Cornea Aqueous humor Choroid coat – help keep inside of eye dark Anterior chamber Optic nerve Anterior cavity Posterior chamber Optic disc Choroid coat Provides ____________ Pigments absorb extra light Posterior cavity Medial rectus

56 Anterior Portion of Eye
Filled with aqueous humor Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cornea Anterior chamber Iris Posterior chamber Suspensory ligaments Ciliary process Ciliary body Ciliary muscles Conjunctiva Lens Vitreous humor Sclera

57 Lens Transparent, Biconvex , Lies behind iris, Composed of lens fibers, Elastic, Held in place by suspensory ligaments of ciliary body Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cornea Anterior chamber Iris Posterior chamber Suspensory ligaments Ciliary process Ciliary body Ciliary muscles Conjunctiva Lens Vitreous humor Sclera

58 Ciliary Body Forms internal ring around the front of the eye
Controls the _______________ Ciliary muscles – _________________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ciliary processes of ciliary body Suspensory ligaments Lens Retina Choroid coat Sclera

59 Accommodation Changing of lens shape to view objects Ciliary muscle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ciliary muscle fibers contracted Suspensory ligaments relaxed Lens thick Suspensory ligaments pull to change shape to adjust to see objects – pull outward to flatten the capsule and lens inside to focus on distant objects When tension is relaxed the capsule rebounds the lens becomes more convex and focus on closer objects (a) Ciliary muscle fibers relaxed Suspensory ligaments taut Lens thin (b)

60 Iris Page 294 Composed of connective tissue and smooth muscle
Pupil __________ _____ light stimulates radial muscles and pupil dilates _____ light stimulates circular muscles and pupil constricts Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sympathetic motor nerve fiber In dim light Radially arranged Smooth muscle fibers of the iris Parasympathetic ganglion Circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers of the iris Pupil Parasympathetic motor nerve fiber In normal light In bright light

61 Aqueous Humor Fluid in anterior cavity of eye which circulates through pupil Secreted by epithelium on inner surface of the ciliary body Provides ________ Maintains shape of _______________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cornea Aqueous humor Iris Anterior chamber Scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) Lens Sclera Ciliary body Ciliary process Ciliary muscles Vitreous humor Posterior chamber

62 Inner Tunic Retina Contains _______________
Continuous with optic nerve Composed of several layers Macula lutea – _____________ Fovea centralis – center of macula lutea; _____________ Optic disc – blind spot; contains ______________ Vitreous humor – thick gel that ________________

63 Posterior Cavity Contains vitreous humor – thick gel that holds retina flat against choroid coat Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lateral rectus Retina Ciliary body Choroid coat Suspensory ligaments Sclera Vitreous humor Iris Lens Fovea centralis Pupil Cornea Aqueous humor Anterior chamber Anterior cavity Optic nerve Posterior chamber Optic disc Posterior cavity Medial rectus

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65 Light Refraction Refraction Bending of light
Occurs when light waves pass at an oblique angle into mediums of different densities Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Perpendicular line Air Light wave the curved surface between the air and the cornea the curved surface of the lens itself A lens with a convex surface causes light waves to converge Glass Refracted light wave

66 Types of Lenses Convex lenses cause light waves to _________
Concave lenses cause light waves to ________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Light wave Air Concave surface Convex surface Glass Converging light waves Diverging light waves (a) (b)

67 Focusing On Retina As light enters eye, it is refracted by:
Convex surface of cornea Convex surface of lens Image focused on retina is _______and reversed from ________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Light waves Image Retina Cornea Object

68 PhotoReceptors Rods Long, thin projections
Contain _____ pigment called ______ Hundred times more sensitive to light than cones Provide vision in _____ light Produce ______ vision Produce ______ of objects Cones Short, blunt projections Contain _____ sensitive pigments called ________, _______, and ________ Provide vision in ____ light Produce ____ images Produce _____ vision

69 Rods and Cones Retinal pigment epithelium Rods Cones Single sensory
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Retinal pigment epithelium Rods Cones Single sensory (afferent) nerve fiber (a) Many sensory (afferent) nerve fibers (b) Rod Cone (c) c: © Frank S. Werblin, PhD.

70 Visual Pigments Rhodopsin – visual purple __________ pigment in rods
Decomposes in presence of light into ____ (yellowish substance) and ____ (synthesized from Vitamin A) Triggers a complex series of reactions that initiate nerve impulses Impulses travel along optic nerve Pigments on cones Composed of _____ and ______ Each set contains different light-sensitive pigment Each set is sensitive to different wavelengths Color perceived depends on which sets of cones are stimulated Erythrolabe – responds to ____ Chlorolabe – responds to ______ Cyanolabe – responds to ______

71 Rod Cells Discs of membrane within cell Mitochondria Nucleus Synaptic
ending

72 Stereoscopic Vision Provides perception of _______ and ______
Results from formation of two slightly different retinal images Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Light waves Left eye sees image one way and right eye sees image another way and images are put together to form one image Left eye Right eye

73 Visual Nerve Pathway Page 297
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Eye Optic nerve Fibers from nasal (medial) half of each retina crossing over Pathways conduct impulses from retina to visual cortex. They begin as axons leave the eyes and form optic nerves and cross over – rt optic tract/lt optic tract Optic chiasma Lateral geniculate body of thalamus Optic tract Optic radiations Visual cortex of occipital lobe

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