1. Overview of OOPs (Object Oriented Programming Structure) Concepts

2. OOP Paradigm
 Programming paradigm - Way of thinking / approaching a problem
Style of computer programming, serving as a way of building the structure and elements of computer programs. 
Influences the programming language and other things built on top of the language, such as libraries, frameworks, and common styles and patterns of programming.

3. OOP Paradigm Way of looking at something.
When TV came out it was a new paradigm; everything changed
Twitter is a new paradigm in communication
When the Internet took off, it was a new paradigm, and now we have Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs & more

4. OOP Paradigm
 Programming paradigm - Way of thinking / approaching a problem
Style of computer programming, serving as a way of building the structure and elements of computer programs. 
Influences the programming language and other things built on top of the language, such as libraries, frameworks, and common styles and patterns of programming.

5. Types of Programming Paradigm
 Imperative programming paradigm
Functional programming paradigm
Logic programming paradigm
Structural programming paradigm
Object-oriented programming paradigm
Different paradigms permit and forbid certain techniques.

6. Multi – Paradigm Language
Language that supports more than one paradigm
C++ is one such language
Supports Procedural/Object Oriented Programming

7. Popular OO Languages—A glance
Java
Smalltalk
Charm++
Simula
Ada
Eiffel

8. Advantages of Object Oriented Programming
Improved software-development productivity
Consider the entire life cycle of a person to understand
Modular (He learn lessons, play, watch TV, prepare food etc)
Extensible - objects can be extended to include new attributes and behavior (A baby has name, father name, mother name, when joined school has admission number class of studying, when joined job has employee id, salary etc. Funationalitites that can be performed also increases)

9. Advantages of Object Oriented Programming
reused within and across applications
Same person is a employee of an organization, mother/ father at home, son / daughter to their parents
Sometimes a person does a job for his family / friends
Improved software maintainability: Since the design is modular, part of the system can be updated in case of issues without a need to make large-scale changes

10. Advantages of Object Oriented Programming
Faster development: Reuse enables faster development. Object-oriented programming languages come with rich libraries of objects
Lower cost of development: reuse of software also lowers the cost
Higher-quality software: Faster development of software and lower cost of development allows more time and resources to be used in the verification of the software.

11. Disadvantages of Object Oriented Programming
Steep learning curve: The thought process involved in object-oriented programming may not be natural for some people, and it can take time to get used to it.
Larger program size: More lines of code than procedural programming
Slower programs: Object-oriented programs are slower than procedure based programs
Not suitable for all types of problems

12. Basis of Object Oriented Programming
View the problem world as a set of objects and communication between the objects
Entire world around as can be thought as a set of objects
Objects have characteristics and they can perform some functions
Similar objects may be grouped together

13. Human Body Parts In OOP Hand: Characteristics:
Covered in skin = true.
number of bones = 42 (I have no idea how many a human hand really has)
number of fingers = 5.
Methods/Things it can do:
Grasp object
Count to five with fingers
Point index finger

14. Human Body Parts In OOP Heart: Characteristics:
Pumps blood = true
Internal Organ = true
Covered in skin = false
Methods/Things it can do:
Speed up pumping.
Slow down pumping.

15. Features of Object Oriented Paradigm

16. Case Study: OOP Design for Railway Reservation System
Identify the Objects involved in the process

17. Railway Reservation System
Train
Coaches / Compartments
Station
Passenger
Employee of railways
Route
Ticket
Distance matrix

18. What is UML? UML stands for “Unified Modeling Language”
It is a industry-standard graphical language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of software systems
The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the OO analysis and design of software projects. 
Simplifies the complex process of software design
. What does UML stand for?
. Industry standard
. Graphical notation
. Modeling tool … simplifies software design process

19. Why UML for Modeling Graphical notation to communicate more clearly
Help acquire an overall view of a system.
UML is not dependent on any one language or technology.
UML moves us from fragmentation to standardization.
. More precise than natural language … less detailed than source code
. Not dependent on any language
. Standardized by various groups

20. Encapsulation
Binds together the data and functions that manipulate the data, and that keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse
Classes are in C++ to encapsulate
C with Classes - Name given by Stroustrup
Classes are extension of structures with functions as members
In C++, structures can also have functions

21. Class is generalization of objects where data and functions are grouped

22. Class
Depicts the set of similar objects as mentioned in the previous example.
It distinguishes one type of object from another type
A Class is an User defined data type
A class comprised of attributes and functions.
Attributes defines the properties of the object and function describes “What an object is capable of doing”
The class is like a blue print of a house and it indicates how the data and functions are used by the objects.

23. Objects
In programming perspective, instance of a class

24. Classes and Objects in Railway Reservation System
Train
Tamilnadu SF Express
Coaches/Compartment B1
Station
Chennai Central
Passenger
Any person travelling in train
Employee of railways
Travelling Ticket examineR (TTR)
Route (Stations through which train travel)
Chennai Central (Terminus), Vijayawada, Warangal ... New Delhi
Ticket
Ticket possessed by a passenger
Distance matrix
Distance between stations of Indian railways

25. Class diagram in UML
Used for describing structure and behavior in the use cases
Provide a conceptual model of the system in terms of entities and their relationships
Used for requirement capture, end-user interaction
Detailed class diagrams are used for developers

26. Class diagram in UML
Each class is represented by a rectangle subdivided into three compartments
Name
Attributes
Operations

31. Data Abstraction
Providing only essential information to the outside world and hiding their background details
By abstraction, a programmer hides all but the relevant data about an object in order to reduce complexity and increase efficiency
Stepping away from a complex or unsafe algorithm by black boxing it and always using that black box
Makes code to be manageable

32. Data Abstraction Access Labels Enforce Abstraction:
Three Access labels in C++
Private
Public
Protected

33. Data Abstraction in UML
Modifiers are used to indicate visibility of attributes and operations.
‘+’ is used to denote Public visibility (everyone)
‘#’ is used to denote Protected visibility (friends and derived)
‘-’ is used to denote Private visibility (no one)
By default, attributes are hidden and operations are visible.

34. Other UMLs diagarams shall also be referred

35. Data Abstraction

36. Abstraction in Railway Reservation System
Classes
Information Hidden
Train
Date of manufacturing for engine
Coaches/Compartment
Cleanliness, Painted color,
Station
Length of the stations, shops
Passenger
Number of children
Employee of railways
Employee id, Salary
Route (Stations through which train travel)
Number of tracks
Ticket
Printed, mobile ticket
Distance matrix
Quality of track