1. “Conflicts of Interest”
Ingrid Nygaard, MD, MS
Editor-in-Chief for Gynecology
American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
University of Utah
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

3. Conflict of Interest
Any interest that would make reader feel misled or deceived if not disclosed
Authors, reviewers, editors, publishers, journal owners may all have COI
Also called “dual interests”, “dual loyalties”
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

4. WAME (World Association of Medical Editors)
"COI exists when there is a divergence between an individual’s private interests (competing interests) and his or her responsibilities to scientific and publishing activities such that a reasonable observer might wonder if the individual’s behavior or judgment was motivated by considerations of his or her competing interests.“

5. ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors)
“The potential for conflict of interest can exist regardless of whether an individual believes that the relationship affects his or her scientific judgment.“

6. Office of Research Integrity
Interest: a commitment, goal, or value held by individual/ institution
COI exists when 2 or more contradictory interests relate to an activity by an individual/institution.
The conflict lies in the situation, not in any behavior or lack of behavior of the individual…a COI is not intrinsically a bad thing.
Examples include a research project to be completed, gaining status through promotion or recognition, and protecting the environment. Interests are pursued in the setting of social interactions.
Examples include a conflict between financial gain and meticulous completion and reporting of a research study or between responsibilities as an investigator and as a treating physician for the same trial participant. Institutional examples include the unbalancing of the institutional mission by acceding to the space requests of a large donor for an idiosyncratic program.
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

7. Commonly Cited Types of COI
Personal
Financial
Academic
Competitive
Intellectual
Institutional
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

8. Personal
Family members
Close friends
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

9. Financial Employment Share holdings Patents Research grants
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

10. Academic
Inter-group rivalry
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

11. Competitive Researchers competing for funding
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

12. Intellectual Loyalties to a particular theory or school of thought
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

13. Institutional Institutional bias Revenue source
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

14. ICMJE Disclosure Form Resources received to complete the work
Relevant financial activities outside the submitted work
Intellectual property
Relationships not covered above
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

15. “Relationships not covered above”
WAS: Do you have any relevant nonfinancial associations or interests (personal, professional, political, institutional, religious, or other) that a reasonable reader would want to know about in relation to the submitted work? NOW: Are there other relationships or activities that readers could perceive to have influenced, or that give the appearance of potentially influencing, what you wrote in the submitted work?
places the onus on the person
completing the form to identify and report appropriate
nonfinancial competing interests.
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

16. COI AJOG
Disclosures must include any financial interest present within the past three years with commercial entities that are marketing or developing products (drugs, devices, diagnostic tools, etc.) related to the subject matter of the manuscript.
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

17. COI AJOG
Disclosures include, but are not limited to: stocks or shares, equity, employment, advisory or scientific board, grant funding, speaker's bureau, paid travel, consulting status, and honoraria.
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

18. COI AJOG
No policy could cover every contingency that might be construed as a conflict of interest. Therefore, it is expected that should any potential conflict of interest exist, the authors have revealed this to the editors.
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.

19. The “New York Times Test”
Would you want the relationship published in the New York Times?
Ingrid Nygaard, AJOG, 2016.