1. Nervous System: Speech & Language Chapter 11
Perry C. Hanavan, Au.D.

2. The nervous system is important for moment and speech
Movement
respiration
phonation
articulation
all aspects of:
speech production
speech perception

3. The nervous system divisions
CNS
brain and spinal cord
glial cells
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
forms myelin
PNS
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Schwann cells
forms myelin

4. There are various ways of organizing the function and anatomy
CNS
Cerebrum
(cortex, basal nuclei, thalamus,
hypothalamus)
(parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital
limbic lobes)
Midbrain
Brainstem
(pons, medulla)
Cerebellum
PNS
Cranial
Nerves
Somatic
Afferent
Efferent
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Spinal Cord
Spinal
Nerves

5. CNS

6. Functional divisions
Somatic nervous system: voluntary, controls skeletal muscle
Autonomic nervous system: involuntary, controls smooth muscle

7. The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system
dendrites
cell body
axon
terminal boutons
synapse
myelin
nodes of Ranvier
neurotransmitters

8. Synapse

9. There are various classifications of neurons.
Number of Processes
unipolar
bipolar—spiral ganglion of auditory nerve
multipolar
Golgi Type I—innervate muscles or glands--myelinated
Golgi Type II—innervate nearby neurons in cns--unmyelinated
Function
Afferent—towards cns from sensor
Efferent—towards muscle or gland from CNS
Interneurons—between neurons
Neurotransmitters
Dopaminergic--dopamine
Cholinergic--acetylcholine
Serotonergic--serotonin

10. Question Afferent is? From CNS Towards CNS Between interneurons
All the above
None of the aboe

11. Question Spiral ganglion is? Unipolar Bipolar Tripolar Quadrapolar
Multipolar

12. Sensory Receptors

13. Question Proprioceptors sense? Air pressure Distance Pressure (touch)
Position in space
Temperature

14. CNS

15. Fissures

16. Cerebralspinal fluid serves a number of functions
Meninges—surrounds brain and spinal cord
Ventricles—four csf filled cavities filled within brain
Cerebral spinal fluid produced by choroid plexis cells in ventricles
composed of proteins and glucose, lymphocytes
circulates throughout meninges and ventricles
protects from trauma—shock absorbing
provides buoyancy in fluid to lighten weight of brain

17. Cortex is the outer grey matter located in the cerebrum of the brain
Unmyelinated primary sensory, motor, association and limbic areas
Irregular shaped portion consisting convolutions
gyri—raised surfaces
sulci—shallow depressions
fissure—deep depressions
longitudinal—divides hemispheres
lateral—superior, inferior division
central sulcus—anterior, posterior

18. Matter
grey matter
white matter

19. Question
Which lobe of the brain is primarily involved in speech production?
Temporal
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Limbic

20. The lobes of the brain have important functions
frontal—reasoning, problem solving, personality, speech and language production
motor strip
Broca’s area—speech production
parietal—somatosensory (touch, pain, proprioception, temperatures)
sensory strip
angular gyrus
supramarginal gyrus
temporal—understanding
auditory cortex
Wernicke’s area
occipital—reception and processing of visual information
limbic—hippocampus, amygdala, and medial margins of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes that function for emotions, sexual function, temperature regulation and feeding behavior

21. Lobes, Brodmann’s Areas

22. Selected Brodmann’s Areas

23. Speech Language Areas

24. Speech/Language Areas
Supplementary Motor Area:
Motor, sensory, word generation, and working memory.

25. Speech/Language Areas
Supramarginal Gyrus
Thought to contribute to written language and possible phonological storage as well as visual word recognition.

26. Speech/Language Areas
Angular Gyrus
(1) Association areas and allows cross modal transfer and associations between either vision or touch and hearing (2). As the angular gyrus is important in the processing of associating a heard name to a seen or felt object, it is probably also important for associations in the reverse direction. A "name" passes through Wernicke's area, then via the angular gyrus arouses associations in the other parts of the brain (2). Thus, the angular gyrus acts as a way station between the primary sensory modalities and the speech area.(2).
The development of language is probably heavily dependent on this area. Object naming, one of the simplest aspects of language, depends on associations between other modalities and audition 

27. Lobes of the brain

28. Cerebral Cortex
Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing
Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

29. Question The sensory strip is located in the? Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Limbic lobe

31. Motor and Sensory Cortex

32. Motor Strip
Motor Cortex

34. Cortical connections play a fundamental role in the brain
commisures—links the two hemispheres of brain (right and left)
corpus callosum
association fibers—link cerebral areas of brain in same hemisphere
arcuate fasciculi
projection fibers—links grey matter with other regions of the brain
internal capsule

35. Projection Fibers (white matter sheets)

36. Interconnections

37. Neuro-speech-language

38. Subcortical areas of the brain play a primary role in motor function
basal ganglia/nuclei
caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus.

39. Ventricles of the Brain

40. Basal Nuclei
Control voluntary movements and establishing postures. When they are altered - as in disorders Huntington or Wilson disease - unwanted movements, such as involuntary jerking movements of an arm or leg or spasmodic movement of facial muscles.
The caudate nucleus, putamen and anterior limb of the internal capsule are collectively known as the corpus striatum (i.e. striated body) based on appearance.
Similarly, the shape of the putamen and globus pallidus resembles a lens, and collectively called the lenticular nucleus.

41. The thalamus processes and transmits to and from cortical areas
A large mass of gray matter deeply situated in the forebrain. There is one on either side of the midline.
Relays to the cerebral cortex information received from diverse brain regions--a requisite 'last pit stop' for information going to cortex.
Axons from every sensory system (except olfaction) synapse here as the last relay site before the information reaches the cerebral cortex.
There are other thalamic nuclei that receive input from cerebellar-, basal ganglia- and limbic-related brain regions.

42. Limbic System
Limbic System

43. Midbrain
A rostral part of the brainstem if impaired in its core (i.e. the tegmentum), results in loss of consciousness or coma, because it contains the rostral end of the reticular formation.
The dorsal or posterior part has the superior colliculus is important for visual system reflexes, and the inferior colliculus is important for auditory system function.
The ventral or anterior part has the cerebral peduncle, which is a huge bundle of axons traveling from the cerebral cortex into/ through the brainstem; those fibers are important for voluntary motor function.
Two other structures in the depth of the midbrain that are important for normal motor function are the red nucleus (not visible) and the substantia nigra.

44. Brainstem Anatomy: Midbrain Pons Medulla Function: Alertness Arousal
Breathing
Blood Pressure
Most of the Cranial Nerves
Digestion
Heart Rate
Other Autonomic Functions
Relays information between the Peripheral Nerves and Spinal Cord to the Upper Parts of the Brain

45. Brainstem

46. Cranial Nerves

47. Peripheral Nerves

48. Spinal Cord

49. Spinal Cord

50. Spinal Cord: Region and Areas

51. Spinal Nerves: Afferent & Efferent

52. Cranial Nerves CN V – Trigeminal Sensory Motor
Touch, pressure, pain, proprioception, and temperature from various areas of the face
Upper lip, teeth, upper oral cavity, lower lip and teeth, lower jaw and oral cavity
Motor
Muscles of mastication and some extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Tensor veli palatini muscle
Tensor tympani muscle

53. Trigeminal Nerve: V

54. Cranial Nerves Motor Sensory CN VII Facial
Muscles of facial expression; extrinsic laryngeal muscles, and stapedius.
Parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands (salivary glands), as well as mucous membranes of nasopharynx, hard and soft palate.
Sensory
Taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of tongue; hard and soft palates.
General sensation from the skin of the concha of the external ear and from a small area behind the ear.

55. Facial Nerve: VII

56. Cranial Nerves CN VIII Auditory/Vestibular Vestibular Auditory
Balance—rotary and linear
Auditory
Sound

57. Cranial Nerves CN IX Glossopharyngeal Sensory Motor
Taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue
Sensations of pain, touch, and temperature from external ear, Eustachian tube, tonsils, pharynx, and pharynx
Motor
Involved in swallowing (pharyngeal muscles)
Salivary glands

58. Glossopharyngeal: IX

59. Cranial Nerves CN X - Vagus Motor Sensory
Soft palate, pharynx, and larynx
Phonation (pharyngeal, superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves)
Heart, thoracic, and abdominal smooth muscles, glands
Sensory
Thoracic and abdominal viscera, larynx, pharynx, trachea, esophagus
Taste buds around epiglottis
External ear canal

60. Vagus Nerve: X

61. Cranial Nerves CN XII – Hypoglossal Motor Sensory
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue, extrinsic laryngeal muscles
Sensory
The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is monitored by hypoglossal nerve

62. Hypoglossal Nerve: XII

63. Cranial Nerves

64. Language Zone

66. Corticospinal Motor Path

67. Corticonuclear Motor Path

68. Vascular

69. Major Vascular System

70. Blood Supply: Brain

71. MRI & CT Scan

72. Stroke

74. Speech Language Areas

75. Speech/Language Areas
Supplementary Motor Area:
Motor, sensory, word generation, and working memory.

76. Speech/Language Areas
Supramarginal Gyrus
Thought to contribute to written language and possible phonological storage as well as visual word recognition.

77. Speech/Language Areas
Angular Gyrus
(1) Association areas and allows cross modal transfer and associations between either vision or touch and hearing (2). As the angular gyrus is important in the processing of associating a heard name to a seen or felt object, it is probably also important for associations in the reverse direction. A "name" passes through Wernicke's area, then via the angular gyrus arouses associations in the other parts of the brain (2). Thus, the angular gyrus acts as a way station between the primary sensory modalities and the speech area.(2).
The development of language is probably heavily dependent on this area. Object naming, one of the simplest aspects of language, depends on associations between other modalities and audition