1. Circulatory unit 8 ppt#3 Major Arteries and Veins Blood pressure

2. Major Systemic Arteries
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Superficial temporal a.
Facial a.
External carotid a.
Vertebral a.
Internal carotid a.
Common carotid a.
Subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk
Subclavian a.
Axillary a.
Aortic arch
Internal thoracic a.
Diaphragm
Subscapular a.
Deep brachial a.
Brachial a.
Common hepatic a.
Splenic a.
Radial collateral a.
Renal aa.
Superior ulnar
collateral a.
Superior mesenteric a.
Gonadal a.
Inferior mesenteric a.
Radial a.
Common iliac a.
Ulnar a.
Internal iliac a.
External iliac a.
Interosseous aa.
Palmar
arches
Deep femoral a.
Femoral a.
Popliteal a.
Anterior tibial a.
Posterior tibial a.
Fibular a.
Arcuate a.
Figure 20.21
supplies oxygen and nutrients to all organs

3. Major Branches of the Aorta
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R. common
carotid a.
L. common
carotid a.
R. subclavian a.
L. subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch
Ascending
aorta
Descending
aorta, thoracic
(posterior to
heart)
Diaphragm
Aortic hiatus
Descending
aorta,
abdominal
Figure 20.23

4. Arteries of the Head and Neck
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Supraorbital a.
Superficial
temporal a.
Ophthalmic a.
Posterior
auricular a.
Occipital a.
Maxillary a.
Internal carotid a.
Facial a.
External carotid a.
Carotid sinus
Lingual a.
Vertebral a.
Superior
thyroid a.
Thyroid gland
Common
carotid a.
Thyrocervical
trunk
Costocervical
trunk
Subclavian a.
Figure 20.24a
Axillary a.
Brachiocephalic
trunk
(a) Lateral view
common carotid divides into internal and external carotids
external carotid supplies most external head structures

5. Arteries of the Upper Limb
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subclavian passes between clavicle and 1st rib
vessel changes names as passes to different regions
subclavian to axillary to brachial to radial and ulnar
brachial used for BP and radial artery for pulse
Common carotid a.
Subclavian a.
Brachiocephalic trunk
Axillary a.
Circumflex humeral aa.
Brachial a.
Deep brachial a.
Superior ulnar
collateral a.
Radial collateral a.
Interosseous aa.:
Common
Posterior
Anterior
Radial a.
Ulnar a.
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch
(a) Major arteries
Figure 20.34a

6. Arteries of the Thorax thoracic aorta supplies viscera and body wall
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ertebral a.
Common carotid aa.
Thyrocervical trunk
Brachiocephalic trunk
Costocervical trunk
L. subclavian a.
Thoracoacromial
trunk
Subscapular a.
Aortic arch
Pericardiophrenic a.
Lateral thoracic a.
Bronchial aa.
Descending aorta
Anterior
intercostal aa.
Posterior intercostal aa.
Internal thoracic a.
Subcostal a.
Figure 20.27a
Esophageal aa.
(a) Major arteries
thoracic aorta supplies viscera and body wall
bronchial, esophageal, and mediastinal branches
posterior intercostal and phrenic arteries
internal thoracic, anterior intercostal, and pericardiophrenic arise from subclavian artery

7. Major Branches of Abdominal Aorta
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Inferior phrenic a.
Aortic hiatus
Celiac trunk
Superior
Suprarenal
aa.
Middle
Inferior
Superior mesenteric a.
Renal a.
Lumbar aa.
Gonadal a.
Inferior mesenteric a.
Common iliac a.
Figure 20.29
Internal iliac a.
Median sacral a.

8. Celiac Trunk Branches
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Gallbladder
Left gastric a.
Liver
Short
gastric a.
Spleen
Cystic a.
Short
gastric aa.
Hepatic aa.
Aorta
Celiac trunk
Hepatic a. proper
R. gastric a.
L. gastric a.
Gastroduodenal a.
Splenic a.
Splenic a.
Superior
pancreaticoduodenal a.
L. gastro-
omental a.
Right gastric a.
Gastroduodenal a.
Left gastro-
omental a.
Pancreas
Pancreatic aa.
Common hepatic a.
Inferior
pancreaticoduodenal a.
R. gastro-omental a.
Superior mesenteric a.
Right gastro-
omental a.
Duodenum
(b) Celiac circulation to the stomach
(a) Branches of the celiac trunk
Figure a-b
branches of celiac trunk supply upper abdominal viscera - stomach, spleen, liver, and pancreas

9. Mesenteric Arteries Figure 20.31 a-b Inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.
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Inferior
pancreaticoduodenal a.
Transverse
colon
Transverse colon
Aorta
Jejunum
Middle
colic a.
Descending
colon
Superior
mesenteric a.
Aorta
Inferior
mesenteric a.
R. colic a.
Left colic a.
Ileocolic a.
Jejunal aa.
Sigmoid aa.
Ascending
colon
Superior
rectal a.
Ileal aa.
Sigmoid colon
Cecum
Rectum
Ileum
Appendix
(a) Distribution of superior mesenteric artery
(b) Distribution of inferior mesenteric artery
Figure a-b

10. Arteries of the Lower Limb
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Lateral
Medial
Medial
Lateral
Aorta
Common iliac a.
Internal iliac a.
External iliac a.
Inguinal ligament
Obturator a.
Circumflex
femoral aa.
Circumflex
femoral aa.
Femoral a.
Descending
branch of
lateral
circumflex
femoral a.
Deep femoral a.
Descending
branch of
lateral
circumflex
femoral a.
Adductor hiatus
Genicular
aa.
Genicular
aa.
Popliteal a.
Anterior
tibial a.
Fibular a.
Posterior
tibial a.
Anterior
tibial a.
Fibular a.
Dorsal
pedal a.
Medial
tarsal a.
Lateral
plantar a.
Lateral
tarsal a.
Medial
plantar a.
Arcuate a.
Deep plantar
arch
(a)
Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Figure a-b
branches to the lower limb arise from external iliac branch of the common iliac artery

11. Major Systemic Veins
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External jugular v.
Internal jugular v.
Brachiocephalic v.
Subclavian v.
Superior vena cava
Axillary v.
Diaphragm
Hepatic v.
Kidney
Inferior vena cava
Renal v.
Cephalic v.
Brachial vv.
Basilic v.
Gonadal vv.
Common iliac v.
Internal iliac v.
Radial vv.
External iliac v.
Ulnar vv.
Median
Antebrachial v.
Venous
palmar arches
Dorsal venous
network
Deep femoral v.
Femoral v.
Femoral v.
Popliteal v.
Anterior tibial vv.
Posterior tibial vv.
Small saphenous v.
Great saphenous v.
Fibular vv.
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
Figure 20.22
deep veins run parallel to arteries while superficial veins have many anastomoses

12. Deep Veins of Head and Neck
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Superior
sagittal sinus
Corpus callosum
Great cerebral
vein
Inferior
sagittal sinus
Superficial
middle cerebral
vein
Superior
ophthalmic vein
Straight sinus
Confluence of
sinuses
Cavernous
sinus
Transverse
sinus
To internal
jugular v .
Sigmoid sinus
Sigmoid
sinus
Internal jugularv.
Straight sinus
Transverse
sinus
Confluence of
sinuses
(b) Dural venous sinuses, inferior view
(a) Dural venous sinuses, medial view
Figure a-b
large, thin-walled dural sinuses form in between layers of dura mater
drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein

13. Superficial Veins of Head and Neck
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Superior
ophthalmic v .
Superficial
temporal v .
Occipital v.
Facial v .
Vertebral v.
External
jugular v .
Superior thyroid v .
Internal
jugular v .
Thyroid gland
Subclavian v .
Figure 20.26c
Axillary v.
Brachiocephalic v .
(c) Superficial veins of the head and neck
internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain
branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head
upper limb is drained by subclavian vein

14. Veins of Hepatic Portal System
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Diaphragm
Inferior phrenic v.
Hepatic vv.
Inferior
vena cava
Figure 20.32
R. suprarenal v.
L. suprarenal v.
Lumbar v.1
L. renal v.
R. renal v.
Lumbar vv. 1-4
Lumbar vv. 2–4
L. ascending
lumbar v .
R. ascending lumbar v.
Iliolumbar v.
Common iliac v.
R. gonadal v.
L. gonadal v.
Median sacral v.
Internal iliac v.
External iliac v.
drains nutrient rich blood from viscera (stomach, spleen and intestines) to liver so that blood sugar levels are maintained

15. Superficial and Deep Veins of Upper Limb
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Jugular vv.
External
Internal
Subclavian v.
Brachiocephalic vv.
Superior vena cava
Axillary v.
Cephalic v.
Basilic v.
Brachial vv.
Median cubital v.
Median
antebrachial v.
Radial vv.
Ulnar vv.
Cephalic v.
Basilic v.
Deep venous palmar arch
Superficial venous palmar arch
Dorsal venous network
Superficial veins
Deep veins
(a) Major veins
Figure 20.35a

16. Superficial and Deep Veins of Lower Limb
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Lateral
Medial
Medial
Lateral
Inferior vena cava
Common iliac v.
Internal iliac v .
External iliac v .
Circumflex
femoral vv.
Circumflex
femoral vv.
Deep femoral v .
Femoral v .
Great saphenous v .
Popliteal v .
Anterior tibial v.
Small
saphenous v.
Small
saphenous v.
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Fibular vv.
Anterior
tibial vv.
Posterior tibial
vv.
Dorsal
venous arch
Medial plantar v.
Lateral plantar v.
Deep plantar
venous arch
(a) Anterior view
(b) Posterior view
Figure a-b

17. Total cardiac output 5 L/min Total cardiac output 17.5 L/min
Blood Flow Comparison
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At rest
Total cardiac output 5 L/min
Moderate exercise
Total cardiac output 17.5 L/min
Other
350 mL/min
(7.0%)
Other
400 mL/min
(2.3%)
Coronary
200 mL/min
(4.0%)
Coronary
750 mL/min
(4.3%)
Cutaneous
1,900 mL/min
(10.9%)
Cutaneous
300 mL/min
(6.0%)
Muscular
1,000 mL/min
(20.0%)
Cerebral
750 mL/min
(4.3%)
Cerebral
700 mL/min
(14.0%)
Renal
600 mL/min
(3.4%)
Digestive
1,350 mL/min
(27.0%)
Muscular
12,500 mL/min
(71.4%)
Renal
1,100 mL/min
(22.0%)
Digestive
600 mL/min
(3.4%)
Figure 20.15
during exercise
increased perfusion of lungs, myocardium, and skeletal muscles
decreased perfusion of kidneys and digestive tract

18. What is blood pressure? Measures force of blood in the arteries
High blood pressure (HBP) = hypertension (HTN)

19. Hypertension: High Blood Pressure
hypertension – most common cardiovascular disease affecting about 30% of Americans over 50
“the silent killer”
major cause of heart failure, stroke, and kidney failure
damages heart by increasing afterload
myocardium enlarges until overstretched and inefficient
renal arterioles thicken in response to stress
drop in renal BP leads to salt retention (aldosterone) and worsens the overall hypertension
primary hypertension
obesity, sedentary behavior, diet, nicotine
secondary hypertension – secondary to other disease
kidney disease, hyperthyroidism

20. Blood Pressure
Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries
Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases
Slide 11.36
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Neural factors
Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division) and parasympathetic
Renal factors
Regulation by altering blood volume
Renin – hormonal control
Slide 11.39a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

22. Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Temperature
Heat has a vasodilation effect
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
Chemicals
Various substances can cause increases or decreases
Endocrine/hormone functions as stimulators or relaxors.
Diet
Slide 11.39b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23. What factors influence blood pressure?
Blood volume
Vascular resistance
Autoregulation, by medula oblongata
Autonomic influences, hormones, chemical signals, epinephrine, norepinephrine
Endocrine functions

24. Variations in Blood Pressure
Human normal range is variable
Normal
140–110 mm Hg systolic
80–75 mm Hg diastolic
Hypotension
Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
Often associated with illness
Hypertension
High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
Can be dangerous if it is chronic
Slide 11.41
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. How is BP measured? Blood pressure cuff mm mercury
2 numbers shown as a fraction
Systolic/Diastolic
Ex. 120/80
Usually requires more than one reading to be diagnosed with high blood pressure

26. Systolic The top number in blood pressure readings
Measures the pressure in arteries when heart is beating

27. Diastolic The bottom number in blood pressure readings
Measures pressure when heart is at rest

28. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.18
Slide 11.37
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

29. How to take your blood pressure