1. 2016 Guidelines of the Taiwan Heart Rhythm Society and the Taiwan Society of Cardiology for the management of atrial fibrillation 
Chern-En Chiang, Tsu-Juey Wu, Kwo-Chang Ueng, Tze-Fan Chao, Kuan-Cheng Chang, Chun-Chieh Wang, Yenn-Jiang Lin, Wei-Hsian Yin, Jen-Yuan Kuo, Wei-Shiang Lin, Chia-Ti Tsai, Yen-Bin Liu, Kun-Tai Lee, Li-Jen Lin, Lian-Yu Lin, Kang-Ling Wang, Yi-Jen Chen, Mien-Cheng Chen, Chen-Chuan Cheng, Ming-Shien Wen, Wen-Jone Chen, Jyh-Hong Chen, Wen-Ter Lai, Chuen-Wang Chiou, Jiunn- Lee Lin, San-Jou Yeh, Shih-Ann Chen 
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 
Volume 115, Issue 11, Pages (November 2016)
DOI: /j.jfma
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2. Figure 1 Prevalence rate of atrial fibrillation in Asian countries.
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3. Figure 2
Overall management algorithm of atrial fibrillation. AF = atrial fibrillation; CV = cardioversion.
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4. Figure 3 Annual risk of stroke in Taiwanese and Swedish.
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5. Figure 4
The annual risk of stroke/systemic embolization events in Asians versus non-Asians under either warfarin or non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant treatment in four major clinical trials. A: RE-LY trial; B: ROCKET AF trial; C: ARISTOTLE trial; D: ENGAGE AF trial. (Modified from Chiang et al.95 with permission.)
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6. Figure 5
International normalized ratios (INRs) in the randomized trials. Asians in RE-LY included patients from China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and India.85 Asians in ROCKET included patients from China, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand.330 Asians in ARISTOTLE included patients from China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore, and Malaysia.87 East Asians in ENGAGE included patients from China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.88 Modified from Lip et al149 with permission.
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7. Figure 6
Bleeding events on warfarin in Asians versus non-Asians, from the randomized trials. (A) Major bleeding; (B) intracranial hemorrhage; (C) gastrointestinal bleeding; (D) all (major plus minor) bleeding episodes. Modified from Lip et al149 with permission.
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8. Figure 7
Major cardiovascular events on warfarin in Asians versus non-Asians, from the randomized trials. (A) Stroke and systemic embolization events; (B) ischemic stroke; (C) hemorrhagic stroke; (D) myocardial infarction; (E) all-cause death. Modified from Lip et al149 with permission.
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9. Figure 8
Efficacy outcomes of (A) stroke or systemic embolism, (B) ischemic stroke, (C) myocardial infarction, and (D) all-cause mortality for the standard-dose non-vitamin K antagonist (VKA) oral anticoagulants (NOACs) versus VKAs. Modified from Wang et al150 with permission. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
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10. Figure 9
Safety outcomes of (A) major bleeding, (B) intracranial hemorrhage, (C) hemorrhagic stroke, and (D) gastrointestinal bleeding for the standard-dose non-vitamin K antagonist (VKA) oral anticoagulants (NOACs) versus VKAs. Modified from Wang et al150 with permission. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
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11. Figure 10
Efficacy outcomes of (A) stroke or systemic embolism, (B) ischemic stroke, (C) myocardial infarction, and (D) all-cause mortality for the low-dose non-vitamin K antagonist (VKA) oral anticoagulants (NOACs) versus VKAs. Modified from Wang et al150 with permission. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
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12. Figure 11
Safety outcomes of (A) major bleeding, (B) intracranial hemorrhage, (C) hemorrhagic stroke, and (D) gastrointestinal bleeding for the low-dose non-vitamin K antagonist (VKA) oral anticoagulants (NOACs) versus VKAs. Modified from Wang et al150 with permission. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio.
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13. Figure 12
Rationale for using CHA2DS2-VASc score = 1 for threshold of using non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in Asians. ICH = intracranial hemorrhage.
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14. Figure 13
Management algorithm for stroke prevention in Asians. AF = atrial fibrillation; NOAC = non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant. (Modified from Lip et al.149 with permission.)
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15. Figure 14
Switching algorithm of anticoagulants. DC = discontinue; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2); INR = international normalized ratio; LMWH = low molecular weight heparin; NOAC = non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; UFH = unfractionated heparin.
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16. Figure 15
Cardiovascular outcomes of randomized controlled trials of comparing rhythm- versus rate-control strategies.
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17. Figure 16
Choice of drugs for chronic rate control. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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18. Figure 17
Flow chart of chronic rate control. HR = heart rate (beats/min, bpm).
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19. Figure 18
Management algorithm of electrical cardioversion. AF = atrial fibrillation; LA = left atrium; LAA = left atrial appendage; OAC = oral anticoagulant; TEE = transesophageal echocardiography.
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20. Figure 19
Flow chart of the selection of the rhythm control drugs. CAD = coronary artery disease; HT = hypertension; LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy. (Modified from Chiang et al.31 with permission.)
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