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Potential Tritium Processing/Control Needs for US ITER TBM

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Presentation on theme: "Potential Tritium Processing/Control Needs for US ITER TBM"— Presentation transcript:

1 Potential Tritium Processing/Control Needs for US ITER TBM
Scott Willms Los Alamos National Laboratory Presented at INL August 11, 2005

2 Overarching drivers Must handle tritium in TBM properly
For safety concerns To accurately characterize TBM performance In addition TBM will be a unique opportunity To develop and demonstrate tritium extraction concepts To characterize tritium migration To test tritium containment technologies Time phasing Non-ITER, non-tritium testing ITER year 1-10 tests ITER year tests DEMO

3 Tritium process overview
Recover tritium from He Tritium control important throughout Also use as test station Use He to strip T from PbLi PbLi loop He loop T permeation thru HX tubes Recover tritium from He Avg. T2 breeding rate: sccm He loop

4 Comparison of ITER TBM and DEMO
Tritium Control/Exraction Consideration ITER TBM DEMO Amount of tritium Grams Kilograms Tritium control (prevent leaks to unwanted locations) Priority Data for breeder performance Priority (emphasis on fundamental data) Priority (emphasis on practical operation) Scalability of concept Secondary Usefulness of tritium bred Inconsequential

5 Summary of tritium processing concepts for DCLL-Extraction of tritium from PbLi
Vacuum permeator with Ta or Nb membrane (bare or coated) Vacuum permeator with Pd or Pd alloy membrane Vacuum permeator with ferritic steel membrane Bubble column Vacuum disengager Getter Use heat exchanger to transfer tritium to He and subsequently separate T from He.

6 Summary of tritium processing concepts for DCLL-Extraction of tritium from He
Vacuum permeator with Pd alloy membrane Vacuum permeator with Ta or Nb membrane (bare or coated) Oxidation/adsorption of tritium in He at elevated temperatures Cryogenic molecular sieve

7 Issues associated with tritium extraction from PbLi (DCLL)
Concept Issues Vacuum permeator with Ta or Nb membrane (coated or uncoated) Mass transfer coefficients PbLi compatibility with membrane on retentate side Stability of membrane on vacuum side given potential attack of O, N and C Liquid-solid equilibrium of T/PbLi with membrane Can vacuum side be sufficiently controlled? What happens in credible off-normal conditions? Long-term “permeability” of membrane in this environment Stability/effectiveness of coatings Vacuum permeator with Pd or Pd alloy membrane (coated or uncoated), FS Issues similar to above, but stability of membrane expected to be very different since it should not oxidize Bubble column Model ideal performance Compare to French data Consider alternate configurations Can this concept achieve needed low concentrations? Vacuum disengager Can a falling PbLi drops be practically produced? Can counter-current system be practically produced? Can low concentrations be achieved? Getter Can a high temperature tritium getter be placed in the PbLi stream to achieve low tritium concentrations over practical times? How will getter be dispositioned after use? Use heat exchanger to transfer tritium to He and subsequently separate T from He Can the HX be designed to remove heat and sufficient tritium? Requires effective He/T separation

8 Issues associated with tritium extraction from He (DCLL and Ceramic Blanket)
Concept Issues Vacuum permeator with Pd alloy membrane Will this concept work at blanket conditions, reducing the tritium concentration so that downstream systems will not be adversely impacted? Vacuum permeator with Ta or Nb membrane (bare or coated) Higher permeability materials may extend the Pd alloy permeator performance to an acceptable level Stability of membrane Oxidation/adsorption of tritium in He at elevated temperatures Conversion of all tritium to water will prevent tritium permeation outside of system Need high temperature water collection system Need regeneration scheme Need to recover tritium from water Cryogenic molecular sieve Is it practical to cycle gas between low and high temperatures?

9 Comparison of PbLi systems
Concept Advantage Disadvantages Vacuum permeator with Ta or Nb membrane (coated or uncoated) Good single-stage performance Easy to operate More complicated to construct Fragile Vacuum permeator with Pd or Pd alloy membrane (coated or uncoated) Somewhat fragile Expensive Bubble column Easy and inexpensive to construct Reliable Flexible operating possibilities Single-stage performance likely insufficient Multi-stage operation bulky and complicated Vacuum disengager Somewhat simple/inexpensive device Able to make mass transfer distances short Spray fouling Don’t know if performance would be sufficient Getter Simple Low concentration feed leads to short time to regen Performance after regen may not be good Material not identified Cyclic operation Use heat exchanger to transfer tritium to He and subsequently separate T from He Lots of tritium may travel this path anyway, so it is a waste of effort to extract tritium up-stream Tritium migration concerns

10 Comparison of He systems
Concept Advantage Disadvantage Vacuum permeator with Pd alloy membrane Single-stage, continuous operation Relatively simple Performance attractive, but not tested in blanket concept Vacuum permeator with Ta or Nb membrane (bare or coated) Less expensive Higher performance Reliability Oxidation/adsorption of tritium in He at elevated temperatures Concept reliable Simple operation Need high temperature adsorbent Cyclic operation Tritium converted to water…needs subsequent processing Cryogenic molecular sieve Most tested option for tritium/He Effective Reliable Requires cooling stream to LN2 termperature Practical for DEMO?

11 T, O, PbLi, wall system Tritium from PbLi to wall
Don’t know PbLi + T(l) <-> Wall + T(s) So currently work around with PbLi + T(l) <-> T2(g) T2(g) <-> Wall + T(s) Gives answer, but there is no T2(g) Need real experiment Also, what is the fate of T and O in PbLi? If T turns into water, permeation will be very different Does not appear water will form, but an experiment is needed Species Moles Li 17 Pb 1 Li2O 0.002 LiT

12 Highest priority topics
Further systems modeling needed Tritium processing Tritium migration Extraction from PbLi Tritium mass transfer coefficients in PbLi Bubbler design evaluation Bubbler data Vacuum permeator Extraction from He Fate of tritium in PbLi LiH, Li with H2 in solution, Li with H+? Mechanism/rate of H transport into wall Permeation barrier modeling and experiments

13 Next steps Establish a baseline set of R&D
Prepare project information for R&D (scope/schedule/budget)

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