1. Unit 2: Getting Down to Business

2. Factors supporting U.S. Industrialization
Natural resources: iron ore (steel), coal (energy), lead (water pipes)
Access to raw material by transportation networks
Railroads
Shipping
Inventions
Electric lighting and electric power for machinery- Thomas Edison
Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell
New workers due to increased immigration
Financial resources- money

3. Reasons for the growth of Big Business
National markets created by transportation advances and mail order catalogs (Sears Roebuck, Montgomery Ward out of Chicago)
Advertising
Lower-cost production
Cheaper transportation and resource cost
Mass production/Assembly Line

4. Cities and Key Industries
Boston- Textiles
Pittsburgh- Steel
Detroit- Automobiles
Chicago- Meat packing

5. Captains of Industry/Robber Barons
Cornelius Vanderbilt- shipping and railroads
Andrew Carnegie- steel
John D. Rockefeller- oil

6. Trusts
Trusts
Group of businesses who join forces to eliminate competition (set prices )

7. Working Conditions During the Industrialization
Long hours
Low wages
Unsafe working conditions (Sweat Shops)
Child labor

8. Labor Unions Labor Unions Knights of Labor
Created by factory workers
Organized the workers into a single voice to speak to owners
wanted to improve the working conditions and pay
In most disputes between owners and workers the public sided with the owners
Knights of Labor
Became the biggest union by 1886
Admitted women, immigrants, African Americans, and unskilled workers
Did not believe in the use of strikes (workers walk out of business)
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Small union made up of only skilled workers
Encouraged unions to work together against owners (collective bargaining)

9. Homestead Strike Strike against one of Carnegie’s steel factories
When Carnegie cut wages the union went on strike refusing to work
The factory brought in a private army to protect non-union workers (strikebreakers)
Violence breaks out killing nine people