1. Mutations

2. *Warm Up* Title page 81: Mutation Notes
Title page 82: Mutation Critical Writing

3. Only answer #s 1, 2, 3, 4
Turn in to black files
Pick up notes and glue on page 81.

4. Mutations A mutation is any change in DNA
If DNA mutates, you change amino acids which changes ____________, which changes _______________.
The more amino acids affected, the more severe the mutation.
proteins
traits

5. What causes mutations?
Mutations can be caused by errors in replication, transcription, cell division, or by external agents.
What are some external agents that could cause a mutation?

6. 11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 296 - 301
Causes of Mutations
Any agent that can cause a change in DNA is called a mutagen.
Mutagens include radiation, chemicals, and even high temperatures.
Forms of radiation, such as X rays, cosmic rays, ultraviolet light, and nuclear radiation, are dangerous mutagens because the energy they contain can damage or break apart DNA.
11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages

7. Mutations in reproductive cells
Mutations can affect the reproductive cells of an organism by changing the sequence of nucleotides within a gene in a sperm or an egg cell.
Reproductive cells are egg and sperm
Egg and sperm are referred to as GAMETES.
If this cell takes part in fertilization, the altered gene would become part of the genetic makeup of the offspring.

8. Mutations in body cells
Damage to a gene may impair the function of the cell.
Body cells are any cell that are NOT gametes.
Body cells are referred to as SOMATIC cells
When that cell divides, the new cells also will have the same mutation.
Some mutations of DNA in body cells affect genes that control cell division.
This can result in the cells growing and dividing rapidly, producing cancer.

9. Mutation must occur in a gamete for it to be hereditary.

10. Types of Mutations Point Mutations Frameshift Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations

11. 11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 296 - 301
The effects of point mutations
A point mutation is a change in a single base pair in DNA.
Usually changes 1 amino acid
Normal: THE DOG BIT THE CAT
Mutated: THE DOG BIT THE CAR
A change in a single nitrogenous base can change the entire structure of a protein because a change in a single amino acid can affect the shape of the protein.
11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages

12. 11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 296 - 301
Point Mutations
mRNA
Normal
Protein
Stop
Replace G with A
Point mutation
mRNA
Protein
Stop
11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages

13. Point Mutation Diseases
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle Cell anemia

14. 11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 296 - 301
Frameshift mutations
Two types of frameshift mutations: Insertion or deletion of nitrogen bases
THE DOG BIT THE CAT
THE DOB ITT HEC AT
DNA is read in groups of 3’s so when an addition or deletion occurs, the other nitrogen bases must shift over to fill the hole
Changes all amino acids after the mutation
11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages

15. 11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 296 - 301
Frameshift mutations
Deletion of U
Frameshift mutation
mRNA
Protein
11.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages

16. Frameshift Mutation Diseases
Tay Sachs

17. Chromosomal Mutations
Extra or missing all or part of a chromosome
Chromosomes contain millions of nitrogen bases which affect 1000’s of amino acids

18. Chromosomal Mutation Diseases
Down’s Syndrome – 1 extra 21st chromosome
Turner Syndrome – missing an X chromosome

19. 2 Instances when a mutation will NOT cause an issue:
If the mutation results in the same amino acid
UCU and UCC both code for serine

20. Mutation Critical Writing
Sentence Starters:
What is a mutation?
What are the types of mutations?
What can mutations cause?
How can a mutation be passed down to your child?