1. U.S. Influenza Surveillance Sabrina Swenson, dvm ms phd
Diagnostic virology laboratory
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Veterinary Services
National veterinary services laboratories Ph
PAHO 10/2/17

2. Three data streams for swine
Case-compatible swine accessions submitted to the NAHLN system
Pigs on farm exhibiting influenza-like illness
>99% of samples
Swine populations epidemiologically linked to a human case of IAV
Swine exhibiting influenza-like illness (ILI) at commingling event such as auctions, markets, fairs, or other swine exhibition events.

3. Data disclaimers Surveillance is voluntary, passive, and anonymous
IAV-S is endemic
No measure of disease prevalence by
Time
Location
Subtype
State-level data summaries are not externally disclosed
Internal state stakeholder may receive state-specific data

4. Swine Surveillance Program Timeline History
April 2010: Anonymous stream added; Participation increases; Surveillance broadened to look beyond pdmH1N12009
March 2014: Matrix Ct cutoff values established for VI (swabs ≤30, OF ≤35); limit OF samples Al
Stakeholders meeting; algorithm changes for efficiency
Pandemic H1N1 Outbreak
2008
2009
2010
2012
2014
2015
2016
CDC/APHIS/ ARS collaboration to begin pilot IAV-S Surveillance Program
External review of surveillance program
June 2009:
Federal funding for IAV-S surveillance; 2008 draft modified for the 2009 H1N1 pandemic
Algorithm changes:
Added subtyping PCR; Only one unique subtype selected for H, M, N sequencing (previously two per herd); allow OF samples

5. Matrix PCR cost no longer borne by the program
Lower CT cutoff values for further covered testing
Select only one sample per herd for subtyping

6. Figure courtesy of Dr. Ellen Kasari & CEAH

7. Approach to avian surveillance
Wild birds
Poultry
Purpose
Monitor circulating virus
Mortality investigations
Detect emerging strains
Surveillance/early detection
Disease investigation
Sampling
Birds treated as individuals - potential for antibody
and mixed infection
Targeted surveillance
Flock based approach
Tailored to production type
Testing
Primary surveillance tools target conserved regions of the protein or genome (e.g. matrix) with sequencing and
virus characterization
Primary surveillance tools target conserved regions of the
protein or genome (e.g. matrix)
- Serology useful for longer lived birds
- PCR, sequencing, and virus isolation

8. Poultry Surveillance Breeding flocks Production flocks
Egg and Meat-Type chickens
Turkeys, Exhibition Poultry, Upland Game birds and Waterfowl
Production flocks
Meat-type chickens & turkeys
Table-Egg Layers
Upland Game birds and Waterfowl
Live Poultry Markets
Producers, distributors, and retail markets
Backyard flocks, auctions, swap meets, etc.
Other Diagnostics
Passive surveillance, export testing, disease investigations

9. Questions?