1. Hormones and Diseases in the Digestive System
Amy Lee
Lily Lee
Alex Lopez

2. Hormones

3. Gastric Hormones
Gastrin: peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid
Incretin: Incretins are a group of gastrointestinal hormones that cause an increase in the amount of insulin released. They also slow the rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood stream by reducing gastric emptying and may directly reduce food intake. As expected, they also inhibit glucagon

4. Hormones of the Liver
Androsterone: (ADT) is a steroid hormone with weak androgenic activity. It is made in the liver from the metabolism of testosterone.
Medullipin:  is a hormone created by the interstitial cells of renal papilla, which is converted to medullipin II in the liver. This, in turn, results in vasodilation and decreased blood pressure.

5. Intestinal Hormones
N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamine: Hormones released by the small intestine into the bloodstream when it processes fat. NAPEs travels to the hypothalamus in the brain and suppress appetite. This mechanism could be relevant for treating obesity
Cholecystokinin: is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. It also causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder.
Motilin: is secreted by endocrine M cells that are numerous in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum. Base d on amino acid sequence, motilin is unrelated to other hormones.

6. Secretin Secreted by upper wall of small intestine
Function: causes pancreas to send out a digestive juice that is rich in bicarbonate. The bicarbonate helps neutralize the acidic stomach contents as they enter the small intestine. also stimulates the stomach to produce pepsin(enzyme that digests protein) and stimulates the liver to produce bile
History: Sir William M. Bayliss & Ernest H. Starling (physiologists) discovered secretin by placing dilute hydrocholoric acid into a segment of a dog’s bowel lining Injected that into another dog. Result = increase in secretion of pancreatic juice in the dog receiving injection
The name “secretin” comes from the material in the extract.

7. Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Role in the intestine: - to greatly stimulate secretion of water and electrolytes - stimulating contraction of enteric smooth muscle - dilating peripheral blood vessels -stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion - Inhibiting gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion.
Produced in the gut, pancreas and hypothalamus.
Stimulates contractility in the heart causes vasodilation increases glycogenolysis lowers arterial blood pressure relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder
^These effects work together to increase motility
Stimulate secretion of water into pancreatic juice and bile
Causes inhibition of gastric acid secretion and absorption from the intestinal lumen

8. Pancreatic polypeptide
Secreted by the pancreas
Reduces appetite and food intake in humans.
Function: to self regulate the pancreas secretion activities (endocrine and exocrine)
Also has effects on hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions
Its secretion in humans is increased after a protein meal, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia and is decreased by somatostatin and intravenous glucose.

9. Somatostatin
Secreted in several locations in the digestive system stomach, intestine, delta cells of the pancreas
Important for the control of the human digestive system
Aids in the control of the rate of digestion ensures that the amt of digestive hormones is not excessive
GHIH helps to reduce the flow of blood to the intestine, also to reduce the muscle contractions of the stomach

10. Diseases

11. Crohn’s Disease “Reginoal Enteritis” Type of inflamatory bowel disease
Symptoms:
Abdominal pain
Diarhea
Vomiting
Weightloss

12. Crohn’s Treatments: Diet and Nutrition Controlling Stress Medication
Surgery

13. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
a chronic symptom of mucosal damage caused by stomach acid coming up from the stomach into the esophagus.
Regurgitation
Trouble Swallowing
Chest pain
Ulcers
Symptoms:
Heartburn

14. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Treatment:
Lifestyle:
Diet
Position of Sleep-left
Medication
Surgery
image of peptic stricture, or narrowing of the esophagus near junction with stomach

15. Peptic Ulcer Most Common Acidic and extremely painful Types:
2: Ulcer in the body in combination with duodenal ulcers. Associated with acid over secretion
Acidic and extremely painful
3: In the pyloric channel within 3 cm of pylorus. Associated with acid oversecretion
Types:
1: Ulcer along the body of the stomach, most often along the lesser curve at incisura angularis along the locus minoris resistantiae
4: Proximal gastroesophageal
5: Can occur throughout the stomach. Associated with chronic NSAID use (such as aspirin).

16. Peptic Ulcer Symptoms: Treatment Complications
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Abdominal pain
Perforation (hole)
Bloating
Cancer
Nausea
Penetration
Vomiting of blood
Scarring
Treatment
Surgery
Antacids
Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatories
Complications

17. Bibliography /
gory.asp?id=184
al_peptide /
tide /
intestinal-polypeptide
disorders/digestive-diseases-peptic-ulcer-diseas
s/endocrine/gi/secretin.html
s/endocrine/gi/secretin
lhttp:// -intestinal-polypeptide