1. Water Vehicular Systems
Transportation Technology
Mr. Wright

2. When you have completed this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Basic Concepts:
Define the four types of propulsion
Identify tools used to find direction, speed, time, and location in water transportation
Cite ways in which vessels are controlled
State the functions of hydrofoils and hovercraft
List several nautical terms and parts of ships
Name the support systems for water transportation
Intermediate concepts
Chart a course on a nautical chart

3. Key Words Bearing Gunwale Bilge keel Harbor Bow Harbormaster Bulkhead
Heading
Buoy
Hovercraft
Catamaran
Hull
Compass
Hull speed
Conning tower
Inboard engine
Draft
Jib
Fin stabilizer
Length overall (LOA)
Full displacement hull
Lock

4. Key Words Log Rudder Mainsail Sail Nautical chart Semiplaning hull
Nautical mile
Sheet
Nuclear turbine engine
Spinnaker
Outboard engine
Starboard
Paddle
Stern
Pitch
Terminal
Planing hull
Water jet
Port
Waterline
Propeller
Radar

5. Propulsion Systems Four types of propulsion:
Paddle and oar
Sail
Propeller
Water jet
Each of these types of propulsion has some type of contact with either water or wind.

6. Paddles and Oars
Paddles-an implement used to propel a boat using human power
first type of propulsion used to move boats
Human have used paddles to row:
Canoes
Boats
Ships
Steam engines in paddle boats were used to turn a wheel of paddles

7. Sails
Sail- A piece of fabric used to convert wind energy into a source of propulsion
Most are triangular and able to rotate into the wind
Mainsail:
The larger of the two sails on a boat
Connected to the mast and a boom
It can be rotated by allowing slack on either side in the ropes, or sheets, in nautical terms.
Jib- smaller sail and is connected to the mast and the bow
Can be pulled tight on either side of the boat depending on the wind
Bow- very front of the vessel
Spinnaker sails- used at the front of the boat when traveling downwind
Typically large and colorful (resemble a hot air balloon)

8. How sail boats work

9. Propellers Propeller- a rotating blade that produces thrust
thrust is the propellers reaction to the water that pushes the boat forward
Pitch- angle of the propeller blade
The greater the pitch, the faster the blade will travel
To great or too little, propeller travels slower
Propeller power sources:
Internal combustion chamber
Diesel engines
Turboelectric generators
Gas turbines
Nuclear reactors

10. Propellers (cont.)
Outboard engines- most common motor used on fishing boats and small motor boats
the power source and propeller are on piece
Attached to the stern (back of boat)
Inboard/outboard engines- used in mid-sized recreational boats
Larger engines than outboard
Mounted inside the boat with a propeller
Inboard Engine- used on mid-sized recreational boats
Used on most vessels over 36’ in length
Power source mounted inside the ship attached to a propeller shaft

11. Outboard Engine
Outboard/inboard engine
Inboard engine

12. Propellers (cont.)
Nuclear turbine engine- inboard propulsion system that uses a nuclear reactor to heat water
Generates and stores electricity
Advantage of nuclear power over diesel or gas:
One load of uranium can last 4 years
Allowing the submarine to stay submerged without having to refuel

13. Water Jets Water jets- uses an inboard engine to turn an impeller
newest form of marine propulsion
The water forced out of jet propels the craft
Water jets are extremely popular for personal crafts
Jet Ski
Ferries
Hydrofoils
Newest Water Jet Technology

14. Guidance system
Shipping routes and sea-lanes act as highways of the sea
Use navigational tools to find
Current location
Destination
The captain must also track:
Direction
Speed
Time
location

15. Direction-Finding Tools
Used in ship navigation for hundreds of years
Compasses-
simple device for determining which direction is north
Early navigation developed in Europe/Asia in the 1100’s
First compasses were made of lodestone laid in water
Compasses are used to determine heading and bearing
Heading-
The direction the boat is pointed at a given time
Bearing-
The desired direction of travel
Radio Direction-Finding Equipment
Receives transmissions sent by radio transmitters (beacons)
Location of beacons are identified on nautical charts

16. Speed Tools Logs- Nautical Mile- Today’s Speed logs:
A speed indicator aboard a marine transportation vehicle
Historically, logs were tied to a rope and dropped overboard
Knots were tied every 47’3”
Once the logs were placed in water, sailors counted the number of knots in the water after 28 seconds
Nautical Mile-
Roughly 1 minute
Equal to 1.15 statute miles (land)
Today’s Speed logs:
Two electronic transducers and a digital monitor
Placed in hull (body) of the ship, 1 in front and 1 in back
The speed is determined by how long it takes the signal to get from the back to the front transducer.

17. Time tools
Speed logs also display the current time/ act as a stopwatch
Essential tool for navigating a vessel
Helpful in determining location
Important for sailors so they can get back into harbor before nighttime

18. Location Tools Nautical charts-
Map that shows coastal waters, rivers, and other marine areas
Designed to show information for navigating waterways
Marked with special symbols that represent:
Depths of water, channel markers, buoys, underwater phone and electric lines, and wrecks.
Coastal features include:
Lighthouses, church steeples, water towers
Show latitude and longitude lines
Ships use charts to plot their own location and the location of other crafts at see.

19. Location Tools Electronic Navigation Tools
Radio detecting and ranging (radar)-
An electronic navigation tool that contains a transmitter, a receiver, and a display
How It Works
Loran-C-
A long range navigation system
Displays a series of numbers that can be plotted on a nautical chart
Global Positioning System (GPS)-

20. Location Tools Visual Navigation Aids Easier to use visual aids Buoys-
Painted markers anchored in a body of water to guide water vehicles
US ATONS- U.S. Aids to Navigation System
Designed to ensure the meanings of buoys are consistent
Colors have significant meaning
Have lights on top to see at night

21. Control System Performs two functions: Steering system-
Steer the boat or ship from side to side
Diving and Rising system-
Raise or lower the vessel

22. Steering System Steers the vessel from side to side
Turns the propulsion unit
Ex.
Water-jet propelled vehicles are steered by changing the direction of the jet nozzles
The stern of the boat will move in the opposite direction of the thrust
Outboard engines are steered the same way
When the engines is rotated, the stern of the boat is pushed in the opposite direction
Engine and water jets can be turned about 45 degrees in either direction

23. Steering System Rudders- A hinged vertical surface on a water vehicle.
Acts to change the direction of water pressure against the vessel
Control the stern of most marine vessels

24. Diving and rising system
Used by submarines and submersibles
Can decrease and increase their buoyancy or weight to control their depth
Submersibles carry weights that pull them down
Specialized compartments that fill with water to equalize pressure
Submarines are constructed with two hulls (inner/outer)
Ballast tanks (space between two hulls)
To dive, the space between is filled with water
Once underwater, propellers, wings, and rudders are used to maneuver the sub.
In order to surface, compressed air pumps the water from between the two hulls.

25. Suspension System
Hulls serve as the suspension system for marine vehicles
keep the vessel afloat
Stabilize vessel in various waters
Stay afloat by moving (displacing) the same amount of water as the ship weighs
Must be designed to adapt to extra weight (people/cargo)
Ship will capsize if weight of ship outweighs the weight of the displaced water
There are 3 types of hulls:
Full displacement hull
Planning hull
Semiplaning hulls

26. Full displacement hulls
Hull that sits low in the water and has the greatest draft.
Very economical and efficient
Draft-
Distance from the waterline to the bottom of the boat
Waterline-
Location at which the water stops along the side of the hull
Hull speed-
The top speed at which hulls become inefficient and dangerous
Figured by measuring the length of the boat at the waterline, finding the square root of the length, and multiplying by 1.34

27. Planning Hull Planning Hull-
hull that rides on top of the water
His no maximum hull speed, low fuel efficiency
Hard to handle and rough in heavy waves
When “on plane” the boat lifts almost completely out of the water
Can travel 2 or 3 times faster than other hulls types

28. Semiplaning Hull Semiplaning hull- Best of both worlds
Hull in which the stern of the boat remains in the water (like a displacement hull)
The bow is raised on top of the water (planing hull)

29. Hulls

30. Basic hull shapes Round hull- Flat hull- V hull- Catamaran- Trihull
Displacement hulls, least stable (can roll in water) use a keel or centerboard for stability
Flat hull-
Planing hulls, stability (increased surface area)
V hull-
Similar to round hull, undersides are flatter, pointed bow leads to a partial V shape in many hulls
Catamaran-
most stable, two hulls in the water placed far apart, do not tip
Trihull
very stable, three hulls in water placed far apart, do not tip

32. Antirolling devices Stability is important aspect of suspension system
Bilge keel-
An extension protruding downward from the centerline of a boat
If the boat starts to lean, it acts as a hydrofoil and pushes against the water in the opposite direction
Fin stabilizers-
Fin located on the side of a ship, below the waterline
When the ship rolls to one side, the increased surface area offers resistance to the ship upright

34. Structural Systems In all vessels: Areas in between: Bow- Front
Stern- back
Areas in between:
Forward
Amidships
aft

35. Structural Systems Port- Starboard- Length Overall (LOA)- Beam-
The left side of the ship
Starboard-
The rights side of the ship
Length Overall (LOA)-
The measurement from the tip of the bow to the stern
Beam-
The width of the ship at its widest point
Bulkheads-
Internal component used to strengthen the hull
Gunwale (gunnel)-
Top edge of the hull

36. Structural Systems

37. Structural Systems Marine vessels are made of a number of materials:
Wood- has buoyancy, easy to work with, readily available
Construction requires a set of ribs built up around a keel
Wooden planks are attached to the skeleton
Fiberglasses-reinforced plastic
Aluminum
Lightweight alloys

38. Structural Systems Oceangoing ships are made of:
Metal
Metal alloys
The main structural hull and supporting bulkheads are steel
Classification society-
A society that sets and enforces the construction standards for shipbuilding
Submarines are built to withstand tremendous pressure
Double hulls
Conning tower-
Part of a submarine that projects from the top, usually in the center, of the vessel
It is where the ships periscopes, radio antennas, and RADAR are located

39. Support Systems
Water transportation is made possible through its support facilities
Aid in keeping vessels maintained and operational
Vessels need to be:
Repaired
Refueled
Loaded and unloaded
Support systems include:
Harbors
Docks
Ports
Locks
terminals

40. Harbors
Harbor-
A point along the coast where the water is deep enough for the vessel to come very close to shore
Main purpose it to get the vessel close to land
Harbormaster-
Officer who controls the flow of traffic in and out of a port

41. Ports, docks, and terminals
A place where vessels load and unload cargo/ passengers
Located along seacoasts, lakefronts, and rivers
Used for fueling and repair
Dock-
Located at ports
An area totally closed in by piers
Ships are not docked long, load and unload quickly
Terminals-
Physical facility or building used to load and unload passengers and cargo
Example would be an airport terminal

42. locks Locks- Panama Canal
A chamber facility constructed in a canal between two different water levels.
Made up of gates, pumps, and filling and draining valves
Panama Canal