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Study of organisms too small to be seen without a microscope
What is microbiology? Study of organisms too small to be seen without a microscope
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ARCHEABACTERIA
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BACTERIA
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PROTISTA (subject to change)
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FUNGI (MYCETEAE)
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PLANTAE
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ANIMALIAE
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Viruses are NOT living, but virology is part of microbiology.
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Classification Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family
Genus + species
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Scientific names Use italics
After first use, it is okay to use a letter to represent genus (unless you are beginning a sentence) Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus
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Why care about microbes?
First life Necessary for life on Earth Valuable tools for research and industry Food and drink preparation Disease in humans, plants, & other animals Increased knowledge bioremediation
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Areas of research/clinical application
Epidemiology Health Care Immunology Agricultural microbiology Biotech Industrial microbiology Genetic Engineering Environmental microbiology Pharmaceutical microbiology
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Scientific Method Ask a question Formulate hypotheses
null alternative Test hypotheses (carefully) Statistics Interpretation Reporting
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A LITTLE CHEMISTRY
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ELEMENTS
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TYPES OF BONDS
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Ionic bonds
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Covalent bonds Polar
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Covalent bonds Non Polar
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Hydrogen bonds
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pH
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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LIPIDS Characteristics
Mostly C & H, not soluble in water, uses include storage (energy), support, part of cell membranes Building blocks Vary depending on type Triglycerides have glycerol head + 3 fatty acids Types Triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods, waxes etc.
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CARBOHYDRATES General characteristics
Composed mostly of C,H, and O, uses include energy storage and as parts of various structures (e.g. cell walls) Building blocks monosaccharides or simple sugars Types monosaccharides e.g., glucose disaccharides e.g., sucrose polysaccharides e.g., starch
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Disaccharides
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Polysaccharides
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PROTEINS Characteristics- composed of C,H,O, N, and some with S, uses include as structures, recognition, endocrine, muscle contraction etc. Building blocks amino acids Structural levels Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
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Structural levels
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NUCLEIC ACIDS Characteristics: nucleic acids contain C,H, O, N, and P
Building blocksare nucleotides (composed of a nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate group. Types DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid is the heritable material that codes for proteins. It exists as a double helix RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the compound that takes the information from DNA for the formation of proteins. It is usually single stranded.
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DNA
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RNA
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Prokaryotes Archeabacteria and Bacteria Unicellular
Smaller in general than eukaryotes Membrane bound organelles - absent Reproduction - asexual DNA - circular Proteins assoc. with DNA - Basic Ribosomes - 70S subunit
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Eukaryotes Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
Mostly Multicellular except protists Larger in general than prokaryotes Membrane bound organelles-present Reproduction – asexual & sexual DNA - linear Proteins assoc. with DNA - Histone Ribosomes - 80S subunit
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Cell Membrane Cell membrane Structure Components Arrangement
Functions include Barrier Transport (know diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport) Recognition (e.g., self vs. non-self) Reception (for protein hormones) Adhesion
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Cell membrane
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Nucleus Structure and Function
membrane similar to cell membrane (similar function) Nucleolus (formation of ribosomes) Chromosomes (gene expression) Nucleoplasm (matrix)
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Ribosomes Structure Function
rRNA Proteins Function Site of protein formation (translation) Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (different structurally)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure membranous system of tunnels and sacs Rough – with ribosomes on surface Smooth- no ribosomes on surface Function Rough – protein synthesis Smooth- lipid synthesis
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Golgi Apparatus Structure also membranous, kind of like a stack of pancakes Function processing of lipids and proteins
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Lysosomes Structure membrane bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes
Function digestion
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Mitochondria Structure – cigar-shaped, double membrane-bound organelle
Function – Energy transfer by ATP synthesis
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Chloroplast Structure Function
Also cigar or spindle shaped, double membrane-bound, green Function Site of photosynthesis
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OTHER STUCTURES Cell walls, not in animal cells Vacuoles Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
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PROKARYOTIC CELLS
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Arrangements of flagella Fimbriae Pili
APPENDAGES Flagellum Arrangements of flagella Fimbriae Pili
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GRAM STAIN A differential stain for most bacteria
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SPORES Some bacteria produce spores that allow them to survive during adverse conditions
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SHAPES AND ARRANGEMENTS
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METABOLISM FOR THIS SECTION I WILL BE USING THE OVERHEAD SO THAT I CAN GO OVER INFORMATION AS I WRITE IT DOWN
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