1. Cells

2. What are you made of?
Ancient Greeks thought everything was made of four substances:
Earth
Air
Fire
Water

3. Evolved approx. 3.8 BYA from coacervates Prokaryotes are 1st cells
Cell Evolution
Evolved approx. 3.8 BYA from coacervates
Prokaryotes are 1st cells
SIMPLE cells, unicellular bacteria
Through endosymbiosis, formed Eukaryotic cells about 2 billion years later (1.5 BYA)
COMPLEX, uni & multicellular organisms that are NOT bacteria

4. Cell Study
Cytology – study of cells
Microscopes
Blenders & centrifuge

5. Discovery of the Cell Robert Hooke (1665) First to observe cells
Looked at cork
Named for the “cells”
where monks slept

6. Discovery of the Cell
Leeuwenhoek
Schleiden
Virchow

7. Cell Theory
Accumulation of years of examination and research gave us this theory:
All living things are made up of one or more cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
Cells come only from other cells

8. 2 cell types
Prokaryote Eukaryote

10. Cell Structure
Cell structure relates to cell function

12. What parts do ALL cells have in common?
Outer covering
“Stuff” inside
DNA for directions

13. Cell Membrane Surrounds the cell Made of lipids and proteins Living
Jobs
Protection
Support/shape
Controls what enters/exits
Homeostasis

15. Cell Wall Surrounds some cells Plants and bacteria Not living
Made of cellulose
Jobs
Support
Allows plants to live without skeleton
Protection

16. Nucleus Holds the DNA on chromosomes Control center of the cell
All cell activities
Surrounded by the nuclear membrane
Contains nucleolus
Make ribosomes  make proteins

17. Nucleus

18. Cytoplasm Fills space inside the cell
Where most life processes take place
metabolism

19. Eukaryotes & organelles
Membrane bound “little organs”
Organelles “organize” the cell
Divide up the duties
Allow for specialization
More efficient cells

20. Mitochondria Provide energy for the cell
Break down glucose  ATP energy through cellular respiration
“Powerhouse” of the cell
“Mighty mitochondria”

21. Plastids Chloroplast Other plastids Filled with chlorophll
sun’s energy is converted into glucose during photosynthesis
Other plastids
Storage of pigments and food
chromoplasts store colors of the fall leaves
                                                                                                                                                                                                            

22. Vacuole Liquid filled space Holds wastes and toxins
Large in plant cells
“Storage Bins”

23. Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes
Breaks down waste into elements for re-use
Jobs – “recycling center”

24. Ribosomes Make proteins Some found on the ER Jobs – “final product”
of cell

25. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Tubes and canals that move materials around in the cell
Rough or smooth
“Cellular Highway” system

26. Golgi Apparatus (body)
                                                                             
Final processing and packaging center for proteins made in the cell
“UPS or Post Office”

27. Centrioles & Microtubules
Give cell structure
“Cytoskeleton”
Involved in animal cell reproduction

28. Compare Animal & Plant cell
Animal cells
No cell wall
Few, small vacuoles
Nucleus centered
centrioles
No plastids
Plant cells
Cell wall
Large central vacuole
Nucleus pushed to side
No centrioles
Plastids
Chlorophyll, other pigments

30. Differentiation
Stem cells are “blank cells” – templates for all other cells
Differentiation
How cells use DNA directions to become different
Nerve cell, eye cell, skin cell, etc.

31. Organization in Living Things
Multicellular organisms have billions of cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism