Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byChester Porter Modified over 7 years ago
1
The Chip and Its Impact Late 1950s & 1970s Will McCahill
2
The Background Minis (PDP-8) No threat to mainframe, complimentary
Theory it could replace mainframe at low $$ Grosch Law (Herb Grosch) Lack of networking capabilities (Leemans & Dedene, 2005) (Gesswein, 2010)
3
IBM Model 701 Standardized Modules
Simplified computer design, testing, & maintenance Circuit Modules, “Standard Modular System” Reduced circuit modules required significantly DEC enters market as a flip-chip module maker IBM 701 Operator Console
4
Printed Circuits Pioneered in WWII for artillery fuze
Based on work of Paul Eisler- Austrian Refugee US adopted “printed circuit” called it Auto-Sembly Pattern etched on plastic board covered with copper, dipped in solvent, solvent removed non etched conductor Cheap, easy to mass produce (paperback books) (Gootee, 2004)
5
Reliable electronics US Air Force wants electronics for onboard ballistic missiles Desire to move away from hand coiled computer circuits Expensive Errors
6
Military efforts Multimillion $ rockets fail to launch
Creation of formal procedure to penetrate product lines of manufacturers for Minuteman program Molecular Electronics Clean rooms invented at Sandia National Laboratories for atomic weapons Workers wear gowns Constant flow of ultra-filtered air (top down) Pressure and temperature regulated Documented product steps Used for transistors by electronics industry Minuteman “Hi-Rel” standard 100x failure reduction rate
7
Integrated Circuits Jack Kilby
Degree in electrical engineering from Illinois-1947 Joined Centralab Brought the company in to germanium transistors business Left for a company that could make the investment for a move to silicon
8
Jack Kilby Texas Instruments Micro-module
Depositing components in ceramic wafer Kilby said it was inefficient but found inspiration Idea to make all individual components out of single piece of silicon -1958 Silicon more expensive Saved money because whole circuit could be made from one block of silicon Removed individual wiring and packaging of circuit components First full silicon circuit build in August 1958 Single block Germanium circuit built in September 1958 Company had limited silicon building abilities Applied for patent in 1959
9
Jack Kilby TI markets their “solid circuit”
Extremely successful Other miniaturization efforts end Micromodule and molecular electronics projects now dead (Kilby, 2000)
10
Robert Noyce From Grinell, Iowa (Corn Belt)
Worked for Fairchild semiconductor in Mountain View, CA Had same idea as Kilby- but could do it Co-worker Jean Hoerni developed planar process Enabled silicon transistors, flat, silicon oxide Noyce applies for patent months after Kilby for “silicon integrated circuit” Ensuing legal battle Work lead to massive growth in Integrated Circuit Technology
11
The Integrated Circuit Patents
Kilby and Noyce Filed patents for devices that combined operations on a single circuit in 1959 Kilby filed on behalf of Texas Instruments (single block circuit) Noyce filed on behalf of Fairchild Semiconductor (Silicon solid circuits, metal-over-oxide interconnection scheme)
12
The Minuteman II US Military, first integrated circuit market
Autonetics chose integrated circuits for Minuteman guidance system Discrete vs Integrated Circuit Discrete, tested but expensive, large, slower Integrated Circuit, untested, small, fast, efficient Minuteman II uses 2000 integrated and 4000 discrete circuits Compare to Minuteman I which used 15,000 discrete circuits and did less
13
The Minuteman II 1965 Press reports minuteman II is top semiconductor user 3 major military suppliers of ICs Texas Instruments Westinghouse RCA The 3 combined to produce 4000 circuits per week for Minuteman II Military is first steady demand for semiconductor industry Previously, highly cyclical (National Museum of the US Air Force, 2009)
14
Fairchild Initially refuses military contracts
Noyce believes military = stifling influence Stance changed quickly 1964, 95% of all circuit sales are government Began to look for Space programs (Fairchild Semiconductor, 2012)
15
Apollo Fairchild tries to win guidance computer contract 1961
Eldon Hall, Instrumentation Lab, opens discussion with Fairchild and Texas Instruments IC is light, small, still not much data on mass production Hall goes with Fairchild “Micrologic” chip design Approved by NASA Nov. 1962
16
Apollo Minuteman guidance computer used 20 different typed of IC’s
Apollo used one type of IC Each guidance system used ~5,000 IC chips First test flight was February 1965 75 Apollo guidance computers were built, 25 actually flew Chips dropped in price dramatically from $1000 to $20 during Apollo contract Performance increases, 1975 one astronaut carries a pocket calculator (HP-65) with more capabilities than on-board computer Apollo guidance computer, display and keyboard interface (DSKY), Draper Laboratories, 1968
17
Commercial Impact of the Chip
IBM rolls out System/360 line with “solid logic technology”- similar to micromodule Significantly behind in technology Used circuits deposited in ceramic substrate 360 announced in 1964, IBM has 2 conflicting reports-memorandums Sept 1963, “ICs do not constitute a competitive threat now or in the next 5 years” Sept 1964, “Rapid progress in Monolithics(IBM term for ICs), IBM has 2-4 year lag in practical experience, needs 6 months to 1 year to catch up in IC expertise Both were correct
18
Commercial Impact IBMs system/360 was a success but IBM adopted ICs for 370 to remain competitive 370 was announced at the end of the decade (1969) Before that: 1965, Scientific Data Systems announces computer that uses ICs 1965, RCA announces 360 compatible machines that use ICs 1966, SDS and RCA machines are being delivered SDS 930 RCA Spectra 70 Model 46, 1967
19
Second Generation Minis 1965-70
Tons of market entrants Low barriers to entry No need to match product announcement Industry focused on low-cost, compact, technical innovation Innovation speeds up Costs stay the same or drop DEC is the big guy, but not dominant Innovation based market, lots of bank investment 100 new companies or divisions of established companies offered minicomputers to commercial market from Average of 1 new entrant offering a mini every 3 weeks for 5 years
20
Second Generation of Minis
IC makers ramp up production Introduce TTL logic, inexpensive, easy to design with Packaged in black plastic with leads arranged on either side Rugged, easy to handle Dual in-line packaging 1970 chip-chip connection also standardized with invention of printed circuit board by Globe-Union Designers for minicomputers could now lay out a circuit board with places for all the ICs necessary for the circuits of a small computer
21
EBCDIC IBM develops EBCDIC
8-bit character encoding used mainly on IBM mainframe Developed in 1963 for System/360 Moved IBM away from rest of computer industry Everyone else used ASCII IBM helped develop ASCII but did not have time to add it to their System/360 launch System/360 was a success and IBM decided to stay with EBCDIC for consumer sake It has no advantage over ASCII other than a cent character
22
Word Length DEC used 12-bit word length and 6-bit code for each character in PDP-8 Computer Controls Corporation announced DDP-116, a 16-bit minicomputer Almost beat out DEC but… Purchased by Honeywell in 1966 and withered away (Honeywell focused on Mainframes)
23
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Wanted to link computers Computers ran on different systems Used descendant of CCC’s DDP-116, DDP 516 to be IMP (Interface message processor) to translate for machines Created ARPANET nodes nodes nodes Dismantled in 1988 Precursor to the internet IMPs replaced by software and hardware for the internet
24
Data General Edson DeCastro leaves DEC
Upset after 16-bit design is turned down for PDP-X Founded Data General Spring 1968 Proved brainpower was all that mattered Ken Olsen believed DeCastro developed PDP-X while at DEC Data General launched Nova, 1968 Elegant machine, not the PDP-X Incorporated advances in circuits and packaging
25
Data General SuperNova launched in 1971
Used ICs for RAM instead of Magnetic Core It had always been possible, just 10x more expensive Not first, University of Illinois used 256-bit memory chips for central memory for super computing device Paved the way for Data General SuperNova established semiconductor for RAM in commercial computing
26
Intel Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore leave Fairchild in July 1968 to found Intel Andrew Grove joined them later Focused on using semiconductor for memory Name stands for integrated electronics Introduced 1,024-bit dynamic RAM chip, the 1103 By 1971, magnetic core was done
27
PDP-11 January 1969, DEC being out competed by 16-bit minis (they only had PDP-8/I, a 12 bit) March 1969 – 4 DEC Engineers fly out to Pittsburgh to consult with Gordon Bell at Carnegie Mellon Bell shot down proposed design but liked a subproject of Harold McFarlanes DEC used McFarland’s idea and announced PDP-11 in Jan 1970 Regained lost ground for the company Re-defined the concept of the bus
28
PDP-11 Invention of the Unibus Every machine had a bus
Breakthrough by connecting nearly all systems to common 56-line bus Made customization easy for customers (expansion, specialized demand) Still used in computers today
29
DEC Growth speeds up PDP-8 PDP-11
From 900 employees in 1965 to 5800 employees in 1970 PDP-11 Grew to employees in 1977 170,000 PDP units sold in 1970s Recession hit in the early 1970s, DEC and Data General both grew significantly
30
General Breakthroughs
PDP-11 architecture Opened minicomputer up to traditional mainframe computer applications Programmed in languages like FORTRANN not machine code Came with programming tools (edit, finding, bug correction Nova breakthrough design and packaging
31
General Breakthroughs
32
Jeopardy Team A Team B Team Bryant IBM Minis Government Miscellaneous
1 2 3 4 5
33
Bibliography Ceruzzi, P. (2003). A history of modern computing. (2nd ed., pp ). Salisbury, UK: Techset Composition Ltd. Leemans, H., & Dedene, G. (2005). Grosch's law: a statistical illusion?. Retrieved from Gesswein, D. (2010). Online pdp-8 home page, run a pdp-8. Retrieved from IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems. Emerson W. Pugh, Lyle R. Johnson and John H. Palmer. (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1991), pp Gootee, T. (2004, July 19). Making pcbs. Retrieved from Kilby, J. (2000). Autobiography. Retrieved from Twin Cities Public Television. , & ScienCentral, Inc (1999).Robert Noyce. Retrieved from Last Minuteman II missile silo imploded : Dec 22, The implosion at Hotel-11 ends the Minuteman II implosion process started by the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty National Museum of the US Air Force. (2009, January 8).Minuteman 2 mission procedures trainer. Retrieved from
34
Bibliography Fairchild Semiconductor. (2012). Fairchild company history. Retrieved from Computer History Museum. (2012). Aerospace systems are first the applications for ics in computers. Retrieved from Bush, Edgar G. "The Use of Solid Circuits in Satellite Instrumentation," Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, NASA Technical Note D-1758 (July 1964). Kilby, Jack S. "Invention of the Integrated Circuit," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-23, No 7 (July 1976). Spicer, Dag. "One Giant Leap: The Apollo Guidance Computer," Dr Dobb’s Journal (August 12, 2001). Fairchild Journal of Semiconductor Progress, (July-August 1977). Bell; Gordon; Strecker, Bill (1975). "What We Learned From the PDP-11". microsoft.com. p. 139. Retrieved September 10, 2008. Eckhouse, jr., Richard H.; Morris, L. Robert (1979), Microcomputer Systems Organization, Programming and Applications (PDP-11), Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.