1. Chapter 54 ~ Community Ecology
OBJECTIVES:
- Understand how species interact in a given environment

2. Today
Grab a clicker from the cabinet – find your name and number on the list
Pick up a ch. 54 reading guide from the front – 4 pages and staple

3. Get Ready!

4. Which is an example of a biotic factor?
Water
Oxygen
Fungi
Rock

5. Fastest Responders (in seconds)

6. A frog eats an insect that ate the leaves of a tree
A frog eats an insect that ate the leaves of a tree. What is the frog considered?
Producer
Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer

7. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
4.47
brian yu
6.27
michael molano
6.78
taylor still
7.2
jenna million
7.64
paige prevelige

8. What organisms can break down dead material and recycle it into the ecosystem?
Tree
Bacteria
Lion
Fish

9. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
1.7
sarah torres
2.14
brian yu
taylor still
kendall simons
2.23
paige prevelige

10. How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next?
12% 8% 5%
10%

11. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
1.08
paige prevelige
1.47
brian yu
1.62
michael molano
1.78
Participant 448E8
2.05
ashton looney

12. The other 90% of the energy (used up in respiration and reproduction among other things) will eventually be turned into what?
Heat
Light
Carbon
Oxygen

13. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
1.36
madeline ezell
1.64
aubrey michel
2.36
brian yu
2.41
sarah torres
2.72
michael molano

14. What are herbivores also considered?
Producer
Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer

15. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
1.31
taylor still
1.47
brian yu
1.55
Participant 448E8
1.67
paige prevelige
2.06
hunter connor

16. What is it called when water turns from a gas to a liquid?
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Seepage

17. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
2.75
brian yu
3.05
Participant 448E8
5.41
elizabeth richmond
7.47
hunter connor
7.75
sarah torres

18. What process turns atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form?
Denitrification
Nitrogen fixation
Assimilation
Ammonification

19. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

20. What organisms drive the nitrogen cycle?
Plants
Animals
Bacteria
Protists

21. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

22. What process takes CO2 out of the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Decomposition
Burning Fossil Fuels

23. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

24. What organisms can be on the 2nd or 3rd trophic level?
Carnivores
Herbivores
Producers
Omnivores

25. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

26. What type of lake is nutrient rich and oxygen poor?
Oligotrophic
Eutrophic
Mesotrophic
Protrophic

27. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

28. A collection of different species is called…
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

29. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

30. A collection of biotic and abiotic factors in one area is called…
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

31. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

32. Which biome has the most rainfall and sunlight?
Rainforest
Temperate grassland
Deciduous forest
Tundra

33. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

34. Which biome is characterized by trees that lose their leaves and consistent rainfall throughout the year?
Coniferous forest
Deciduous forest
Chapparal
Rainforest

35. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

36. Which biome has occasional fires, grazing mammals, and is warm yar round?
Rainforest
Coniferous forest
Temperate forest
Savanna

37. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

38. I. Community structure
Community~ an assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential interaction
Differ in their Richness (number of species) & abundance
Species diversity
Hypotheses – what brings communities together?: •Individualistic~ chance assemblage with similar abiotic requirements
•Interactive~ assemblage locked into association by mandatory biotic interactions

39. Intraspecific Competition
Competition between organisms of the same species
Vying for the same resources
Population growth slows
as population growth
increases

40. II. Interspecific Interactions - occur between populations of different species within a community

41. Competition: a closer look
Competitive Exclusion Principle - 2 species with similar needs for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place (niche)
√Gause experiment

42. The Niche
Ecological niche~ the sum total of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment; its “ecological role” (Ex. Tree lizards – temperature range, size of branch, time of day active, size and type of food) √ fundamental~ the set of resources a population is theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions √ realized~ the resources a population actually uses
Thus, 2 species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical
Ex: Barnacle sp. on the coast of Scotland

43. Competition evidence/results
Resource partitioning (ghost of competition past) ~ sympatric species consume slightly different foods or use other resources in slightly different ways
Ex: Anolis lizard sp. perching sites in the Dominican Republic

44. Competition evidence/results
Character displacement~ sympatric species tend to diverge in those characteristics that overlap (cause of diversifying selection)
Ex: Darwin’s finch beak size on the Galapagos Islands

45. Predation defense Cryptic (camouflage) coloration
Aposematic (warning) coloration
Plant toxins
Mimicry ~ superficial resemblance to another species √ Batesian~ palatable/ harmless species mimics an unpalatable/ harmful model √ Mullerian~ 2 or more unpalatable, aposematically colored species resemble each other

46. Herbivory
Herbivores – insects have chemical sensors on their feet, herbivores can only eat certain parts of the plant, use sense of smell to distinguish between palatable plants, adapted digestion system
Plants have thorns or chemical toxins to deter predators

47. Any relationship in which two species live closely together.
Symbiosis
Any relationship in which two species live closely together.
Mutualism – both species benefit from the relationship.

48. Symbiosis
Commensalism – one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

49. Symbiosis
Parasitism – one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.

51. Competition Limited resources cause competition
Dominant species – highest biomass, best suited for acquiring resources (if taken out usually no great effect) – Ex. Chestnut tree in North America
Keystone species – exert strong control in community (if taken out large affect) – Ex. Sea stars, sea otters

53. Foundation species – change the make-up of an environment (Ex. Beaver)
Facilitator – helps improve the reproduction and survival of other species

54. Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
Moderate levels of disturbance (fire, flood, drought, overgrazing) will lead to the most species diversity
Low levels – dominant species could take over
High levels – will exceed species tolerance levels and they will die

55. Disturbance & Succession
Communities are constantly changing after disturbances (storms, fire, etc) - nonequilibrium
Ecological succession~ transition in species composition over ecological time (usually after a disturbance)
Primary~ begun in lifeless area; no soil, perhaps volcanic activity or retreating glacier
Secondary~ an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact

58. Coevolution

59. Get Ready!

60. An organism’s location and role within an ecosystem is called its …
Habitat
Symbiosis
Niche
Community

61. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
1.83
taylor still
1.94
ashton looney
2.03
aubrey michel
2.31
sarah torres
2.39
evan rolley

62. When 2 species compete, the niche that each organism ultimately occupies is called its …
Competitive niche
Realized niche
Fundamental niche
Exclusive niche

63. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
3.66
brian yu
3.92
michael molano
3.98
Participant 448E8
7.97
taylor still
8.98
anneka decaro

64. This is the symbiotic relationship when 1 organism benefits and the other organism is unaffected.
Predation
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism

65. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
2.64
taylor still
3.42
ashton looney
3.87
brian yu
3.89
katie berry
4.05
paige prevelige

66. What type of event would likely cause secondary succession to happen afterwards?
Volcanic eruption
Forest fire
Glaciers receding

67. Fastest Responders (in seconds)
2.25
taylor still
12.81
jisselle martinez
21.75
abby moore