1. Minerals and Rocks

2. Mineral Properties Cornell Notes
Key Terms
Notes
Summary:

3. Rock
The material that forms the Earth’s hard surface

4. A naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure
Mineral
A naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure

5. Minerals Minerals make-up rocks.
They are the building blocks of rocks!

6. What is a mineral? Properties:
Solid
Cannot be a liquid or a gas
Naturally Occurring
Found in nature, not man-made
Inorganic
Is not alive and never was, non-living
Fixed composition
Has a chemical formula, most are formed from compounds of two or more elements, some minerals consist of one element ex. Au
Crystal Form
A definite structure in which atoms are arranged

7. Inorganic
Inorganic: NOT formed from living things or the remains of living things
Organic : Material that comes from living or once-living things

8. ORGANIC! Fruits are grown on trees and are alive until picked!

9. ORGANIC. Horses are alive, breathing and active.

10. INORGANIC. Rocks are not alive and never were!

11. Formed in Nature Formed by natural processes (Is not manufactured).
Is glass a mineral?
Is a diamond a mineral?

12. Formed in Nature Granite- forms when molten rock cools
Talc (used to make baby powder)- forms from high pressure and heat in the earth
Halite- forms when water evaporates in hot, shallow parts of the ocean (leaving behind the salt it contained).

13. Solid Has definite (?) volume and shape.
Volume=amount of space an object takes up.
Basketball vs. Golf ball
Is water a mineral?
Is ice a mineral?

14. Definite (the same) Chemical Composition (makeup)
Each mineral contains a specific combination (mixture) of atoms of certain elements.
Element=A substance that contains (has) one type of atom.
Has same chemical make up no matter where you break it. .

17. Crystal Structure Atoms are joined in a repeating, 3-D pattern
Each mineral has its own crystal structure
Diamond and graphite have same chemical makeup (carbon) but different crystal structures

18. Crystal Structure Some are visible (you can see crystal structure)
Diamonds and quartz
Some you need a microscope to see crystals
7 groups of structures named by shapes and angles formed by imaginary lines through the center

20. Is It a Mineral? Classification
Number # Write the word and classify each picture as “mineral (M)” or “non-mineral (NM).” If non-mineral, write the property that the object does not meet.
Example: Plastic- NM- Naturally made/
Sulfur- M

21. Wood

22. Gold

23. Fossil

24. Topaz

25. Bones

26. Granite

27. Quartz

28. Pearls

29. Talc

30. Icebergs

31. Diamond

32. Coal

33. Rock Salt

34. And the answers are… Non-Minerals Minerals
Wood - Inorganic (1), crystal structure
Fossils – Inorganic (3), crystal structure
Bone - Inorganic (5), crystal structure
Granite – Definite chemical composition (6)
Pearls – Inorganic (8)
Coal - Inorganic (12)
Rock Salt – Definite chemical composition (13)
Minerals
Gold (2)
Topaz (4)
Quartz (7)
Talc (9)
Iceberg* (10)
Diamonds (11)
According to IMA – ice is listed as a mineral

35. Question
A spelunker finds a crystal of a pink substance inside a cave. What 5 properties must this substance meet in order to be considered a mineral?
Naturally Occurring
Inorganic
Solid
Definite Chemical Composition
Crystal Structure

36. Look at the following minerals
Look at the following minerals. Which do you think are the same types of minerals and which do you think are different?

37. These are all the same type of mineral!
They are examples of quartz!!

38. Why Is It So Difficult to Identify Minerals?
There are over 3000 types of minerals in the Earth’s crust
As you could see with the quartz, often times even the same kind of minerals can look very different
Therefore, geologists (scientists who study minerals and rocks) often use several different tests to determine type of a mineral they have found!
Brainpop!

39. K.I.M: Mineral Identification
Key Word
Information/Definition
Memory Cue/ Picture
Color
Hardness
Moh’s Hardness Scale
Luster
Streak
Cleavage
Fracture

40. Color
Color is one of the least reliable tests because a mineral will not always be the same color.
The color of a mineral is often caused by tiny amounts of other elements or compounds inside
For example, what people call amethyst is actually just quartz with iron in it!

41. Streak
When a mineral is rubbed against a tile, it will leave behind a powdered streak on the tile (colorless, white, etc.)
Sometimes a mineral’s streak does not match the mineral’s external color
For example, one way to tell the difference between pyrite (Fool’s gold) and real gold is by streak. Pyrite leaves a greenish-black streak while real gold leaves a yellow streak.

42. Luster
The way a mineral shines (metallic, glassy, chalky, silky, pearly)
Metallic - Looks like metal or appears to have metal flakes
Glassy or vitreous - Shines like glass
Earthy or chalky - Dull; does not reflect much light
Waxy, silky, or pearly - Has a muted shine; may resemble shells or pearls
Metallic Luster

43. Hardness A measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched
Minerals can only be scratched by other minerals that have the same hardness or are harder
This gray mineral is bring scratched by the clear/white mineral; therefore, the clear/white mineral is harder than the gray mineral

44. Mohs Scale
Scale used to rate how hard a mineral is (1=softest-Talc, 10=hardest- Diamond).
Fingernail- 2.5
Penny- 3.5
Steel file (nail)- 6.5
Hardness
Mineral
Associations and Uses 1
Talc
Talcum powder. 2
Gypsum
Plaster of paris. Gypsum is formed when seawater evaporates from the Earth’s surface. 3
Calcite
Limestone and most shells contain calcite. 4
Fluorite
Fluorine in fluorite prevents tooth decay. 5
Apatite
When you are hungry you have a big "appetite". 6
Orthoclase
Orthoclase is a feldspar, and in German, "feld" means "field". 7
Quartz 8
Topaz
The November birthstone. Emerald and aquamarine are varieties of beryl with a hardness of 8. 9
Corundum
Sapphire and ruby are varieties of corundum. Twice as hard as topaz. 10
Diamond
Used in jewelry and cutting tools. Four times as hard as corundum.

45. Cleavage
Minerals that break along smoother flat planes are said to have cleavage.

46. Fracture
Minerals that break with rough or jagged edges are said to have fracture

47. Some Other Special Properties
Some minerals have unique properties
For example, Iceland spar can create double images
Calcite reacts with hydrochloric acid and releases carbon dioxide (bubbles)
Fluorescence property- glow when they are exposed to ultraviolet light

48. Mystery Minerals Lab

49. Luster
The way a mineral shines (metallic, glassy, chalky, silky, pearly)
Metallic - Looks like metal or appears to have metal flakes
Glassy or vitreous - Shines like glass
Earthy or chalky - Dull; does not reflect much light
Waxy, silky, or pearly - Has a muted shine; may resemble shells or pearls
Metallic Luster

50. Cleavage & Fracture
Minerals that break along smoother flat planes are said to have cleavage.
Minerals that break with rough or jagged edges are said to have fracture

51. Streak
Rub your mineral against a streak tile and record the color that it leaves(colorless, white, etc.)

52. Hardness How easily a mineral can be scratched
1-2: Can be scratched with fingernail
3: Can be scratched with a penny
5-6: Can be scratched with a nail
>6: Cannot be scratched by nail
This gray mineral is bring scratched by the clear/white mineral; therefore, the clear/white mineral is harder than the gray mineral

53. Hardness
Luster
Metallic - Looks like metal or appears to have metal flakes
Glassy or vitreous - Shines like glass
Earthy or chalky - Dull; does not reflect much light
Waxy, silky, or pearly - Has a muted shine; may resemble shells or pearls
1-2: Can be scratched with fingernail
3: Can be scratched with a penny
4-5: Can be scratched with a nail
>6: Cannot be scratched by nail

54. Mystery Mineral Lab Directions
With your group, read the directions on the “Mineral Mystery” lab
Use the Mineral Key to determine which mineral you are examining AFTER you have filled in your chart.

55. 11.20 Bell Ringer
Suppose you find a yellow piece of metal in a stream. What would be the best test to you tell if it is real gold?
In the city a street peddler offers to sell you a diamond ring for thirty bucks. How could you test if the rock in the ring is a real diamond?

56. Wednesday/Thursday Agenda
Station #1: Mineral Identification Lab
If finished, raise your hand to have your lab checked. You may play “Mineral Mania” is finished with lab.
Station #2: Mineral Identification Gizmo
Fill out student worksheet. Use identification key to discover mystery minerals. FOLLOW DIRECTIONS on student worksheet!

57. 1. Match the definition to the word
Mineral Review
1. Match the definition to the word
Word
Description
Luster
Color of Powder
Streak
Rough, jagged
Cleavage
Smooth, flat
Fracture
Shines
Color
Not reliable
2. Write down the words below that describe properties of minerals
Inorganic
Organic
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Artificial
Natural
Made of same elements throughout
Made of Rocks
Crystal Structure