1. Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) Lived most of his life in Pisa, Italy

2. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) by D. Robusti, 1606

3. Italy Pisa Red Line around Italy is animated to appear on mouse click.
Point out
London (England),
Paris (France),
Holland (where the Dutch people live),
Germany,
Spain,
Switzerland,
Africa
red star is: Pisa, Italy (where Galileo was born)

4. Some Galileo Cartoons

5. Some Galileo Cartoons

6. A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking
Interesting historical facts about Galileo Galilei From the Appendix to
A Brief History of Time
by Stephen Hawking

7. A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking
Interesting historical facts about Galileo Galilei From the Appendix to
A Brief History of Time
by Stephen Hawking

8. Galileo’s Cannocchiale (Telescope)

9. Selling the Cannocchiale (Telescope)
“The power of my cannocchiale [telescope] to show distant objects as clearly as if they were near should give us an inestimable advantage in any military action on land or sea. At sea, we shall be able to spot their flags two hours before they can see us; and when we have established the number and type of the enemy craft, we shall be able to decide whether to pursue and engage him in battle, or take flight. Similarly, on land it should be possible from elevated positions to observe the enemy camps and their fortifications.”

10. Galileo Discovered Some of Jupiter’s Moons
Jupiter and Its Moons
Below is a montage of images of Jupiter, each taken six hours apart. The spots on either side of Jupiter are the four largest moons of Jupiter. They are called the Galilean moons because Galileo discovered them with his telescope in the 1600's. You may notice that the moons change position from one hour to the next.
Lawrence Hall of Science | © 2004 | from:

11. “Medicei” Satellites
Io Europa Ganymedes Callisto

12. Jovian (“Planets”) Moons

13. Some of Galileo’s Many Discoveries & Inventions
Astronomical Telescope
Structure of the Moon surface
Enormous number of stars invisible to the naked eye
Nature of the Milky Way
Existence of Nebulae
Jovian Planets
Evidence in support of Copernican system
The thermometer
The compass
The pendulum clock

14. Observed Features of The Moon for the First Time
The surface of the moon is not a perfect sphere.
There are mountains and valleys and “perfect circles”.
the Moon is the only heavenly body which shows features to the naked eye--the Man in the Moon. These features are permanent, and it was therefore obvious that the Moon always keeps its same face turned to us (although there are minor perturbations that were not noticed until later). In the philosophy of Aristotle ( BCE), these features presented somewhat of a problem. The heavens, starting at the Moon, were the realm of perfection, the sublunary region was the realm of change and corruption, and any resemblance between these regions was strictly ruled out. Aristotle himself suggested that the Moon partook perhaps of some contamination from the realm of corruption.
Although Aristotle's natural philosophy was very influential in the Greek world, it was not without competitors and skeptics. Thus, in his little book On the Face in the Moon's Orb, the Greek writer Plutarch ( CE) expressed rather different views on the relationship between the Moon and Earth. He suggested that the Moon had deep recesses in which the light of the Sun did not reach and that the spots are nothing but the shadows of rivers or deep chasms. He also entertained the possibility that the Moon was inhabited. In the following century, the Greek satirist Lucian ( CE) wrote of an imaginary trip to the Moon, which was inhabited, as were the Sun and Venus.
The medieval followers of Aristotle, first in the Islamic world and then in Christian Europe, tried to make sense of the lunar spots in Aristotelian terms. Various possibilities were entertained. It had been suggested already in Antiquity that the Moon was a perfect mirror and that its markings were reflections of earthly features, but this explanation was easily dismissed because the face of the Moon never changes as it moves about the Earth. Perhaps there were vapors between the Sun and the Moon, so that the images were actually contained in the Sun's incident light and thus reflected to the Earth. The explanation that finally became standard was that there were variations of "density" in the Moon that caused this otherwise perfectly spherical body to appear the way it does. The perfection of the Moon, and therefore the heavens, was thus preserved.
It is a curious fact that although many symbolic images of the Moon survive in medieval and Renaissance works of art (usually a crescent), virtually no one bothered to represent the Moon with its spots the way it actually appeared. We only have a few rough sketches in the notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (ca. 1500) and a drawing of the naked-eye moon by the English physician William Gilbert. None of these drawings found its way into print until well after the telescope had come into astronomy.

16. Discovered Many New Stars
Observed Many New Features of Our Galaxy

17. The Milky Way
you are here
our galaxy

19. Nebulae

20. Galileo Satellite Its mission was to take photos of Jupiter.
NASA launched a satellite named “Galileo” in 1989.
Its mission was to take photos of Jupiter.
Teacher Background Info
The Galileo satellite was launched from Space Shuttle Atlantis during the STS-34 mission in It took five years to reach Jupiter, where it has remained for the past 9 years. At one point, it released a small probewhich dove into the Jovian atmosphere and sent back valuable data to scientists about the composition, speed, density, and temperature of our solar system’s largest planet. Galileo has now completed 34 orbits of Jupiter and is running low on the fuel it needs to remain in contact with scientists on Earth. The decision was made to have the spacecraft plunge into the dense layers of Jupiter's atmosphere on September 20, Friction between the satellite and the atmospheric gases will cause the craft to be crushed and start to burn. In the end, it will get so hot and feel so much atmospheric pressure that it will totally disintegrate and vaporize.
The Galileo satellite collected data for 6 years longer than planned. In addition to the information collected about the atmosphere of Jupiter, it detected evidence of underground salt water oceans on Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, and examined the active volcanoes on the moon Io. In fact, Galileo's own discoveries doomed it to the fate it will have this month. Given the environment found on Europa, scientists feared that if they just left the satellite in orbit, it might one day collide with that moon and contaminate it with microbes from Earth. They felt it was a chance they could not take.
From:

21. Galileo Astronomy Timeline
1609: He built a 20X telescope, discovered craters & mountains on the moon
1613: He discovered sunspots
1616: He was called to Rome & ordered to stop supporting Copernican theory
1633: The Inquisition denounced him
1638: He published "Discourses Concerning Two New Sciences", summarizing the principles of mechanics
 2001 by The Crimson Bird Book Shoppe, 29 Redmond Way, Stanfordville, NY USA

22. Galileo was condemned by
the Inquisition in 1633
1. “Vehemently suspected of heresy”, he is required to “abjure, curse and detest” those opinions
2. Ordered imprisoned, commuted to house arrest (likely because of his earlier friendship with the Pope)
3. The “Dialog” (his book that caused his main trouble) is banned.
4. All of his works, past and future, are forbidden
Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.[88]
He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.
His offending Dialogue was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.[89]

23. He was under house arrest for the last 14 years of his life
He was under house arrest for the last 14 years of his life. He remained active, but went almost completely blind. In that period, he Galileo wrote his final masterpiece
“Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences “ (1638)
which many science historians believe set the main foundation for Physics (at least for mechanics). Later, Newton made this foundation mathematically rigorous.
New sciences are kinematics and strength of materials

24. Pope John Paul II acknowledged the Vatican's error in the
1992
Pope John Paul II acknowledged
the Vatican's error in the
condemnation of Galileo
& gave him a full pardon
Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.[88]
He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.
His offending Dialogue was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.[89]