1. Mutations

2. Mutations Mutation Germ Cell Mutations Somatic-Cell Mutations
Change in the nucleotide base sequence of a gene or DNA
Germ Cell Mutations
Mutation in an organism’s sex cells or gametes
Will not affect that organism…but can affect the offspring
Somatic-Cell Mutations
Take place in an organism’s body cells
Can affect organism (certain types of cancer)
Cannot be inherited

3. Mutations… Lethal Mutations Beneficial Mutations
Cause death, often before birth of an organism
Beneficial Mutations
Organisms will have a better chance of survival, and thus an evolutionary advantage.

4. Chromosome Mutations Deletion Inversion Translocation Nondisjunction
Loss of a piece of a chromosome due to breakage
Inversion
Piece of chromosome breaks off, but reattaches backwards
Translocation
Piece of chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a non homologous chromosome
Nondisjunction
Chromosome fails to separate from its homologous pair during Meiosis 1

5. Chromosome Map

6. Chromosome Mutations

7. Nondisjunction results in Down Syndrome

8. Gene Mutations
Point Mutation- Switching, adding, or removing a single nucleotide (letter of DNA)
Substitution- 1 letter replaces another, 1 amino acid is affected
Missense- 1 Amino Acid Switched
Nonsense- Changes Amino Acid to a “Stop”
Silent- Amino Acid is the same…no change
Frameshift- Insertion or Deletion of 1 nucleotide affects all Amino Acids down the line…

9. Gene Mutations

10. http://highered. mcgraw- hill
hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/c hapter11/animation_quiz_4.html
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