1. Introduction to the Internet
RTV 420 Interactive Media
Introduction to the Internet

2. History of Computers - 19th Century
Joseph Marie Jacquard
First stored program - metal cards
Did no computing
first computer manufacturing
still in use today!
Babbage knew of and intended use…
Jacquard Loom

3. Analytical Engine Difference Engine c.1822 Analytical Engine 1833
Charles Babbage
Difference Engine
c.1822
huge calculator, never finished
Analytical Engine 1833
could store numbers
calculating “mill” used punched metal cards for instructions
powered by steam!
accurate to six decimal places
Inspiration for Herman Hollerith for 1890 census
Analytical Engine

4. What was the biggest advance that led to modern computers?
Discussion Question
What was the biggest advance that led to modern computers?
Electricity
‘Transmission’ (phone, radio)
Transistor
Microchip
Data storage

5. First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes
Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside.
Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.

6. ‘room sized’ computers
UNIVAC –
‘room sized’ computers
first fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S.
Created at the University of Pennsylvania
contained 18,000 vacuum tubes
Cost $487,000
ENIAC that preceded it (late 1940s) weighed 30 tons

7. First compiler for a computer programming language, led to COBOL
Grace Hopper ( )
Programmed UNIVAC
First compiler for a computer programming language, led to COBOL

8. First Transistor Used Silicon (semiconductor) developed in 1948
won a Nobel prize
on-off switch
2nd Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956

9. 1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors
Second Generation –
1956 – Computers began to incorporate Transistors
Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
Note introduction of the Integrated Circuit
Jack Kilby (1958 – Texas Instruments) and Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductors) separately invented the IC or integrated circuit at the same time.

10. Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).
Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”
First one made by Texas Instruments in 1958

11. Software – Instructions for Computer
Operating System
Software – Instructions for Computer
‘Operating system’ is set of instructions loaded each time a computer is started to tell it how to run
‘Program’ is instructions loaded when needed to implement a task

12. Getting smaller, cheaper
Third Generation –
Integrated Circuit
Operating System
Getting smaller, cheaper

13. The First Microprocessor – 1971
Intel 4004 Microprocessor
The 4004 had 2,250 transistors
four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
108Khz
Called “Microchip”

14. Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)
What is a Microchip?
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC)
Transistors, resistors, and capacitors
4004 had 2,250 transistors
Pentium IV had 42 MILLION transistors
As of 2016, the highest transistor count in a commercially available CPU (in one chip) is over 7.2 billion transistors, in Intel's 22-core Xeon Broadwell-EP.

15. Transistor count of the integrated circuits doubles about every two years.
Moore’s Law

16. 4th Generation – began 1971
MICROCHIPS!
Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using microchip technology

17. Birth of Personal Computers - 1975
MITS Altair
256 byte memory (not Kilobytes or Megabytes)
2 MHz Intel chips
Just a box with flashing lights
cost $395 kit, $495 assembled.
1975, you could buy a new car for under $3,000

18. Over the past 50 years, the Electronic Computer has evolved rapidly.
Connections:
vacuum tube
transmission
integrated circuit
transistor
microchip

19. Evolution of Electronics
Microchip (VLSIC)
Integrated Circuit
Transistor
Vacuum Tube

20. Apple II, 1977: ‘Integer Basic’ OS Monochrome monitor, floppy drives
First Mass Market PC
Apple II, 1977: ‘Integer Basic’ OS
Monochrome monitor, floppy drives

21. IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
IBM PC
IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
First wide-selling personal computer used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random Access Memory) standard
One or two floppy disk drives
Open architecture

22. Founded 1977 Apple II released 1977 Macintosh (left)
Apple Computers
Founded 1977
Apple II released 1977
widely used in schools
Built until 1983
Macintosh (left)
released in 1984, Motorola Microchip processor
first commercial computer with graphical user interface (GUI) and pointing device (mouse)
ZEROX PARC, Lisa

23. Texas Instruments TI computer Radio Shack, TRS 80 Commodore 64 / 128
Along the way, 80s & 90s
Timex Sinclair
Texas Instruments TI computer
Radio Shack, TRS 80
Commodore 64 / 128
Commodore Amiga
Along with ‘compatibles’—Compaq, Dell, eMachines, Gateway, etc.

24. 1990s: Pentiums and Power Macs
Early 1990s began penetration of computers into every niche: every desk, most homes, etc.
Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this
Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs”
Macs became more PC compatible - easy file transfers
Apple effort at licensing OS (Power Computing)
Mac conversion to Intel chip
Prices have plummeted
$2000 for entry level to $400-$500
$6000 for top of line to $1000-$1500

25. Great increases in speed, storage, and memory
21st Century Computing
Great increases in speed, storage, and memory
Increased networking, speed in Internet
Broadband growth
Netbooks / iPad / tablets
Smart Phones
Impact of touch technology
3G to 4G (3-5 Mbps / 8-10 Mbps)

26. What’s next for computers?
Voice interface: Siri? Google App
Cloud computing growth
Interface to almost all activities?
And of course all this allowed growth of the Internet…
Started by Sputnik

27. U.S. government and universities
ARPANET
U.S. government and universities
Various networks, various communication protocols
TCP/IP: ‘The Internet
Programs on the Internet…. , FTP, electronic bulletin boards, etc., then...
The World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee

28. Internet, Packets and Routing
The Internet is a network of computer networks
Data is transmitted by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP)
Packet – a unit of information carriage
Packet switching – process of moving packets from one node (computer device) to another

29. A Visualization of Internet

30. A Visualization of Internet

31. Internet, Packets and Routing
At the sender, data is broken into packets and sent to the nearest node (router)
At each router, it sends the packet to another router that is closer to the final destination
At the receiver, packets are reassembled to get the original data
A comparison: mailing system

32. Mailing System A B
A&M-Commerce
UTA
Admin

33. TCP/IP and Domain Names
Basic task of IP – moving packets as quickly as possible from one router to another
Yet, it doesn’t check whether packets are delivered successfully, thus it needs TCP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – disassemble/reassemble packets, error checking, ACK packets

34. TCP/IP and Domain Names
TCP's relatively complex protocol called the "three-way handshake”
SYN
SYN/ACK
ACK
The protocol is based on:
SYN - (Synchronize) Initiates a connection
FIN(Final) Cleanly terminates connection
ACK - Acknowledges received data

35. TCP/IP and Domain Names
We need some sort of address in order to identify different nodes, as every house has a mailing address in order to receive mail from others
The one used by Internet Protocol is called IP address
Every host on the Internet has a unique IP address, made up of four numbers. E.g , each number between 0 and 255 originally

36. Why?
If you know binary, you will understand that each of these numbers is stored in 8 bits (binary digits), and the number of possibilities you can have is 2 raised to the power of 8, which is 256 (0-255).

37. TCP/IP and Domain Names
The numbers in an IP address are hard to remember, names are easier
Domain Name System – a mapping between the human-readable name (domain name) of a host and its IP address
A domain name consists of two or more parts, e.g. hssa.tamuc.edu
The rightmost label conveys the top-level domain, e.g. edu

38. TCP/IP and Domain Names
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers manages the top-level development and architecture of the Internet domain name space.
ICANN authorizes domain name registrars, through which domain names are registered and reassigned.
Domain name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal ownership of the domain name, only an exclusive right of use.
Let’s do a whois and register a domain…

39. TCP/IP and Domain Names
Each label to the left specifies a domain, in our example, domain is now tamuc (University’s registered domain name), then sub-subdomain is hssa (Humanities Social Sciences Arts). (intranet—subdomain)
A top-level domain can contain multiple subdomains, each subdomain can contain multiple sub-subdomains, so on.
The database contains the mapping between a domain name and an IP address is stored on a DNS server.

40. World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.
It is created to share files/documents and overcome the barrier of different file formats
Hypertext refers to text on a computer that will lead the user to other, related information on demand.

41. World Wide Web
Hypertext documents are created using a special kind of document formatting or “markup” language called HyperText Markup Language (HTML).
Not computer code
HTML is sent or received over the network using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
A browser is a software program which interprets the HTML documents and displays it on the user’s screen.

42. URLs and Client-Server Model
Each document/resource on the WWW needs to have an identifier in order to be accessed by others.
A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), is a compact string of characters used to identify or name a resource.
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a URI which provides means of obtaining the resource by describing its network “location”.

43. URLs and Client-Server Model
Two things are given by the URL
Exact location of the document
The method or protocol by which to retrieve and display the document
Example,
– specifies the protocol
faculty.tamuc.edu – specifies the subdomain / host name / domain name
/TDeMars/420outlineSS16.html – specifies the path of the document on the host

44. Putting it All Together

45. How does legacy media relate to digital media?
Discussion & Review
What is multimedia?
How does legacy media relate to digital media?
What new ways of communicating do digital media provide?
What social implications are there for digital communication? •video games, •infants with digital devices •‘always connected’ •no sense of place?

46. Critically Thinking about Digital Media

47. Newspapers / magazines
Basic Media History
Gutenburg
Movable type, c (before? … )
Newspapers / magazines
Telegraph (1844) / telephone (1876) / photograph (1839)
Radio (1895) / television (1800s / early 1900s) / cable (1940s) / satellite (1960s)
Vacuum tubes / transistors / integrated circuits / computers

48. New media are associated with…
A shift from modernity to postmodernity
Intensifying globalization processes
A replacement (in the West) of an industrial age of manufacturing by a post-industrial information age
A decentring of established and centralized geo-political orders

49. How are the media changing?
Institutions
Constant flux of ‘new media’
Ideological connotations of ‘the new’
Inclusive – ‘interactive media’ … ‘computer mediated communication’ … virtual reality … non-linear communication … UGC … citizen journalism
Today: Mobile media, Big Data, ‘new networks’—Netflix, CBS Interactive

50. Notable People
What got us here?

51. ‘Technological determinism’
Marshall MacLuhan ( )
His work is viewed as one of the cornerstones of the study of media theory.
McLuhan is known for coining the expressions "the medium is the message" and the "global village”
The subject that would occupy most of McLuhan's career was the task of understanding the effects of technology as it related to popular culture, and how this in turn affected human beings and their relations with one another in communities.
‘Technological determinism’

52. Raymond Williams ( )
One of the first in Britain to develop the discipline of Cultural Studies
Tried to understand literature and related cultural forms (including media) not as the outcome of an isolated aesthetic adventure, but as the manifestation of a deeply social process that involved a series of complex relationships
Evaluated relationships between ideology and culture, and the development of socialist perspectives in the communicative arts

53. Vannevar Bush ( )
Many consider Bush to be the Godfather of our wired age, often making reference to his 1945 essay, "As We May Think."
Bush described a theoretical machine he called a "memex," which was to enhance human memory by allowing the user to store and retrieve documents linked by associations.
This associative linking was very similar to what is known today as hypertext.

54. Gottfried Leibniz (math, logic, philosophy)
Others…
Gottfried Leibniz (math, logic, philosophy)
Charles Babbage (invented first mechanical computer)
Alan Turing (father of computer science and artificial intelligence)
Ted Nelson (hypertext)
Roland Barthes (structuralism, semiotics)
Bill Gates? Steve Jobs? Jaron Lanier?
Tim Berners-Lee?
Who else?
Chapter 1 – ‘Understanding Multimedia’