1. Teacher learning: The key to improving the world!
As the world becomes more complex, young people will need higher and higher levels of educational achievement to take control over their lives, to participate effectively in society, and to find fulfilling work. While there are many things that we can do to improve educational outcomes, research from all over the world now shows clearly that the greatest impact comes from improving the quality of teachers, and when all teachers improve, the effects are transformational. However, to maximize the benefit, teacher improvement has to be focused relentlessly on the things that have the greatest benefit for learners, which means focusing on classroom practice, and, specifically, on classroom formative assessment. This, in turn, requires helping teachers change their classroom practice, which is hard, but when teachers are given time to hold each other accountable for making changes in their practice, significant improvements are possible. There is no limit to what we can achieve if we support our teachers in the right way.

2. What is the purpose of education?
Four main philosophies of education/development
Personal empowerment
Cultural transmission
Preparation for citizenship
Preparation for work
All are important
Any education system is a (sometimes uneasy) compromise between these four forces

3. What determines how quickly children learn?
Student characteristics
School organization
Teaching quality
The quality of the curriculum
The time teachers have to plan teaching
The size of classes
The resources available
The skills of the teacher
All of these are important, but the quality of the teacher is especially important

4. What does this mean for student progress?
Take a group of 50 teachers:
Students taught by the most effective teacher in that group of 50 teachers learn in six months what those taught by the average teacher learn in a year
Students taught by the least effective teacher in that group of 50 teachers will take two years to achieve the same learning
And furthermore:
In the classrooms of the most effective teachers, students from disadvantaged backgrounds learn at the same rate as those from advantaged backgrounds (Hamre & Pianta, 2005)

5. Approaches to improving teacher quality
Replace existing teachers with better ones
Raise the bar for entry into the profession
Raise the bar for transfers
Increase vacancies by removing less effective teachers
Increase retention of more effective teachers
Help existing teachers improve
The “love the one you’re with” strategy
It can be done
provided we focus rigorously on the things that matter
even when they’re hard to do…

6. Can teachers improve
Research shows expertise in teaching shares the hallmarks of expertise in other domains
More importantly, for the general expertise research not to apply to teaching:
All the other areas would have to be similar, and
Teaching would have to be different
This seems unlikely, so
As far as we can tell, what is true for expertise in other areas is likely to be true for teaching.

7. Evaluation vs. improvement
Evaluation frameworks:
of necessity, have to be comprehensive
include all aspects of teachers work
at best, incentivize improvement on all aspects of practice
at worst, incentivize improvement on aspects of practice that are easy to improve
Improvement frameworks:
are selective
focus on those aspects of practice with the biggest payoff for students
To maximize improvement, evaluation frameworks have to be used selectively

8. Why Formative Assessment?
A principle and an uncomfortable fact about the world
The principle:
"If I had to reduce all of educational psychology to just one principle, I would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him [or her] accordingly” (Ausubel, 1968 p. vi)
The uncomfortable fact:
Students do not learn what we teach.
What is learning?
Learning is a change in long-term memory (Kirschner et al., 2006)
The fact that someone can do something now does not mean they will be able to do it in six weeks, but
If they cannot do something now, it is highly unlikely they will be able to do it in six weeks

9. Looking at the wrong knowledge
The most powerful teacher knowledge is not explicit:
That’s why telling teachers what to do doesn’t work.
What we know is more than we can say.
And that is why most professional development has been relatively ineffective.
Improving practice involves changing habits, not adding knowledge:
That’s why it’s hard:
And the hardest bit is not getting new ideas into people’s heads.
It’s getting the old ones out.
That’s why it takes time.
But it doesn’t happen naturally:
If it did, the most experienced teachers would be the most productive, and that’s not true (Hanushek & Rivkin, 2006).

10. Supportive accountability
What is needed from teachers:
A commitment to:
The continual improvement of practice
Focus on those things that make a difference to students
What is needed from leaders:
A commitment to engineer effective learning environments for teachers by:
Creating expectations for continually improving practice
Keeping the focus on the things that make a difference to students
Providing the time, space, dispensation, and support for innovation
Supporting risk-taking