1. Template Classes and Functions
Andy Wang
Object Oriented Programming in C++
COP 3330

2. Function Templates
A function template can perform the same algorithm for different types without specifying the types in advance
Example: a function that computes the maximum for three different integers
int maximum(int a, int b, int c) {
int max = a;
if (b > max) max = b;
if (c > max) max = c;
return max; }

3. Function Templates
However, this function only works for int variables (or types that can be automatically converted to int)
What if we wanted to compare variables with the type double?
Do we have to write a new function?
A function template allows this problem to be solved easily, with only one function

4. Templated Version of Maximum
26_27/

5. maximum.h
template<class T> T maximum(T value1, T value2, T value3) { T maximumValue = value1; if (value2 > maximumValue) maximumValue = value 2; if (value3 > maximumvalue) maximumValue = value 3; return maximumValue; }

6. figure06_27.cpp
#include <iostream> #include “maximum.h” using namespace std; int main() { int int1, int2, int3; cout << “Input three integer values: “; cin >> int1 >> int2 >> int3; cout << “The maximum integer value is: “; << maximum(int1, int2, int3);

7. figure06_27.cpp
double double1, double2, double3; cout << “\n\nInput three double values: “; cin >> double1 >> double2 >> double3; cout << “The maximum double value is: “; << maximum(double1, double2, double3); char char1, char2, char3; cout << “\n\nInput three characters: “; cin >> char1 >> char2 >> char3; cout << “The maximum character value is: “ << maximum(char1, char2, char3); return 0; }

8. Another Example
01/fig14_01.cpp
This is a function template that prints the contents of the array
template<class T>
void printArray(const T*array, const int count) {
for (int j = 0; j < count; j++)
cout << array[j] << “ “;
cout << endl; }
This function will work on arrays of any class type when an appropriate insertion operator << has been defined

9. Another Example
int main() { const int aCount = 5; const int bCount = 7; const int cCount = 6; int a[aCount] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; double b[bCount] = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.6, 7.7}; char c[cCount] = “HELLO”; cout << “Array a contains: “ << endl; printArray(a, aCount); cout << “Array b contains: “ << endl; printArray(b, bCount); cout << “Array c contains: “ << endl; printArray(c, cCount); return 0; }

10. Example: Swap
01.cpp

11. 16-01.cpp
#include <iostream> using namespace std; template<class T> void swapValues(T &variable1, T &variable2) { T temp; temp = variable1; variable1 = variable2; variable2 = temp; }

12. 16-01.cpp
int main() { int integer1 = 1, integer2 = 2; cout << “Original integer values are “ << integer1 << “ “ << integer2 << endl; swapValues(integer1, integer2); cout << “Swapped integer values are “ << integer1 << “ “ << integer2 << endl; char symbol1 = ‘A’, symbol2 = ‘B’; cout << "Original character values are: " << symbol1 << " " << symbol2 << endl; swapValues(symbol1, symbol2); cout << "Swapped character values are: " return 0; }

13. Making Container Classes Versatile
Here is an example of a class that uses array-based storage to maintain a list of integers
ates/simplelist1/

14. simplelist1.h
const int MAX = 10; class SimpleList { public: SimpleList() { current = 0; } bool Insert(int item); int GetElement(unsigned int n); void Print(); int GetSize() { return current; } private: int array[MAX]; int current; };

15. simplelist1.cpp
#include <iostream> #include “simplelist1.h” using namespace std; bool SimpleList::Insert(int item) { if (current < MAX) { array[current++] = item; return true; } else return false; } int SimpleList::GetElement(unsigned int n) { if (n >= MAX) n = MAX – 1; return array[n];

16. simplelist1.cpp
void SimpleList::Print() { if (current == 0) cout << “Empty List”; return; for (int j = 0; j < current – 1; j++) cout << array[j] << ‘ ‘; cout << array[current - 1]; }

17. Suppose…
We want to have a class that can store a list of double values or a list of characters
We could write a similar class for each for each new type
A common C trick is to use a typedef to create a simple user-defined type
For example, we can define mytype to be a synonym for the type int
typedef int mytype;
We can also define mytype as double
typedef double mytype;

18. By doing so… We can define a class using mytype
To change an int array to a double array, just change the typedef for mytype, and recompile
plates/simplelist2/

19. simplelist2.h
const int MAX = 10; typedef int mytype; class SimpleList { public: SimpleList() { current = 0; } bool Insert(mytype item); mytype GetElement(unsigned int n); void Print(); int GetSize() { return current; } private: mytype array[MAX]; int current; };

20. simplelist2.cpp
#include <iostream> #include "simplelist2.h" using namespace std; bool SimpleList::Insert(mytype item) { if (current < MAX) { array[current++] = item; return true; } else return false; } mytype SimpleList::GetElement(unsigned int n) { if (n >= MAX) n = MAX - 1; return array[n];

21. simplelist2.cpp
void SimpleList::Print() { if (current == 0) { cout << "Empty List"; return; } for (int i = 0; i < current - 1; i++) cout << array[i] << ' '; cout << array[current - 1]; }

22. Class Templates
With class templates, we can make this class work with different types without altering and recompiling the code
To make a class into a template, prefix the class definition with the syntax
template<class T>
T is a type parameter, and it can have any name
When the class is instantiated, we fill in an appropriate type
Use the same prefix on the definitions of the member functions

23. Class Templates For member functions, the name of the class will be
className<T>::memberName
In the SimpleList example, the type of the array is T, which will be filled in when an object is created
Also, in the main program, we must #include the actual definition file, in addition to the class declaration
The compiler creates a different version of the class for each type that is used
Thus, either the entire class should be written in the header file, OR the .cpp file should be #included
#include “simplelist3.cpp”

24. SimpleList Class Template Example
plates/simplelist3/

25. simplelist3.h
const int MAX = 10; template<class T> class SimpleList { public: SimpleList() { current = 0; } bool Insert(T item); T GetElement(unsigned int n); void Print(); int GetSize() { return current; } private: T array[MAX]; int current; };

26. simplelist3.cpp
#include <iostream> #include "simplelist3.h" using namespace std; #ifndef _SIMPLELIST_CPP #define _SIMPLELIST_CPP template<class T> bool SimpleList<T>::Insert(T item) { if (current < MAX) { array[current++] = item; return true; } else return false; }

27. simplelist3.cpp
template<class T> T SimpleList<T>::GetElement(unsigned int n) { if (n >= MAX) n = MAX - 1; return array[n]; } void SimpleList<T>::Print() { if (current == 0) { cout << "Empty List"; return; } for (int i = 0; i < current-1; i++) cout << array[i] << ' '; cout << array[current - 1]; #endif

28. main.cpp
#include <iostream> #include “simplelist3.cpp” using namespace std; int main() { SimpeList<int> list1; for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) list1.Insert(i*3); cout << “Element at index 4 = “ << list1.GetElement(4) << endl; cout << “Entire list is:\n”; list1.Print(); cout << “\n\n”;

29. main.cpp
SimpleList<double> list2; for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) list2.Insert(j * 1.1); cout << “Element at index 6 = “ << list2.GetElement(6) << endl; cout << “Entire list is:\n”; list2.Print(); cout << “\n\n”; return 0; }

30. Dynamic List Example
plates/tlist/

31. tlist.h
#include <iostream> Using namespace std; #ifndef _LIST_H #define _LIST_H template<class T> class List { public: List(int s = 10); ~List(); List(const List<T> &); List &operator=(const List<T> &); void Insert(T item); T GetElement(unsigned int n); void Print(ostream &os);

32. tlist.h
private: T* data; int size, max; void Clone(const List<T> &); void Resize(int newsize); }; template<class T> List<T>::List(int s) { size = 0; max = s; if (max <= 0) { data = 0; max = 0; } else data = new T[max]; }

33. tlist.h
template<class T> List<T>::~List() { if (data) delete [] data; } template<class T> List<T>::List(const List<T> &L) { Clone(L); template<class T> List<T> &List<T>::operator=(const List<T> &L) { if (this != &L) { return *this;

34. tlist.h
template<class T> void List<T>::Insert(T item) { if (max == size) Resize(max + 5); data[size] = item; size++; } template<class T> T List<T>::GetElement(unsigned int n) { if (n >= size) n = size – 1; return data[n]; template<class T> void List<T>::Print(ostream &os) { if (size == 0) os << “List empty”; for (int j = 0; j < size – 1; j++) os << data[j] << “, “; os << data[size - 1];

35. tlist.h
template<class T> void List<T>::Resize(int newsize) { max = newsize; T *temp = new T[max]; for (int j = 0; j < size; j++) temp[j] = data[j]; if (data != 0) delete [] data; data = temp; } template<class T> void List<T>::Clone(const List<T> &L) { max = L.max; size = L.size; date = new T[max]; data[j] = L.data[j];

36. main.cpp
#include <iostream> #include “tlist.h” using namespace std; int main() { List<int> tests; int gr; cout << “Enter some grades (negative to quite):\n “; do { cin >> gr; if (gr >= 0) tests.Insert(gr); } while (gr >= 0); cout << “The 7th element is: “ << test.GetElement(7) << endl; cout << “The 2nd element is: “ << test.GetElement(2)

37. main.cpp
cout << “Here is the list of grades: \n\n”; test.Print(); cout << “\n\nCreating a list of doubles\n”; List<double> stats(0); double num; cout << “Enter some floating point numbers (negative to quit\n”; do { cin >> num; if (num >= 0) stats.Insert(num); } while (num >= 0);

38. main.cpp
cout << "The 6th element is: " << stats.GetElement(6) << '\n'; cout << "The 2nd element is: " << stats.GetElement(2) cout << "Here is the list of doubles:\n\n"; stats.Print(cout); cout << "\n\n"; return 0; }

39. main2.cpp
#include <iostream> #include <string> #include “tlist.h” using namespace std; template<class T> void TestList(List<T> theList, string label, int val1, int val2) { T gr; cout << “Enter some “ << label << “ (negative to quite):\n “; do { cin >> gr; if (gr >= 0) theList.Insert(gr); } while (gr >= 0)

40. main2.cpp
cout << "Element " << val1 << " is: " << theList.GetElement(val1) << '\n'; cout << "Element " << val2 << " is: " << theList.GetElement(val2) << '\n'; cout << "Here is the list of " << label << ":\n\n"; theList.Print(cout); } int main() { List<int> tests; List<double> stats(0); TestList(tests, "grades", 7, 2); TestList(stats, "floats", 6, 2);