1. EVOLUTION Math, science, history, Unravelling the mystery,
It all started with the Big Bang!

2. Late 15th and 16th Century The Age of Exploration
Expansion of colonizing nations
Age of Exploration is latter half of 15th century through the 16th century. England’s population was 90% poor and 10% rich.

3. CHURCH CREATIONISTS **Death was punishment for all nonbelievers!
Formed belief system in Europe
Principle venue for education
CREATIONISTS
Believed God’s work was perfect
Believed God made every living organism on the Earth
as well as the universe
Believed all forms of life were static – did NOT change
Believed the earth was approx years old
**Death was punishment for all nonbelievers!
People of the church were educated and made decisions for the country. Don’t question the church – follow obediently.
Creationists: The people of the Church. sThe Book of Genesis (First book of the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament)

4. 17th Century Evidence gathered from around the world Catastrophism
Huge variety of species
Fossils (how do you explain fossils if you’re a creationist?)
Catastrophism
Theory developed to explain fossils
Species are periodically annihilated
God creates new species
Noah’s ark:

6. George Louis Leclerc (1707-1788)
Believed the Earth was years old
Founded biogeography
Despite similar environments, different regions have distinct plants and animals
Reputation destroyed by the church
George Louis Leclerc wasn’t killed for his theories against creationism because he was a Noble Man, but his reputation was destroyed. He was ostracised.
Biogeography: The scientific study of the geographic distribution of plant and animal life. Factors affecting distribution include the geologic history of a region, its climate and soil composition, and the presence or absence of natural barriers like deserts, oceans, and mountains. Biotic factors such as interactions among competing species, coevolutionary influences, and the reproductive and nutritional requirements of populations and species are also studied. A biogeographic region is a large, generally continuous division of the Earth's surface having a distinctive biotic community. Biogeographic regions are usually defined separately for floral and faunal communities and are largely restricted to the terrestrial areas of the Earth.

7. Stratification

9. Jean Baptiste Lamarch (1744-1829)
Attempted to explain how new species came into being
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Under extreme need, organisms will change
Acquired traits developed through use or disuse and then passed on
Example: If there was a bush fire and there was nothing to eat except for the tree canopies, only the long-necked animals will be able to eat them and survive. Eventually all animals will have long necks.

10. Charles Darwin ( )

11. Charles Darwin Was part of the gentry Training to be a doctor
Was an avid collector (plants, fossils, rocks, etc.)
Changed mind and went into the seminary (didn’t take his vows)

12. 1831 – invited to participate on an exploration vessel, S.S. Beagle
Spent 5 years in South America and the Pacific Islands
Collected many unique species and fossils

13. Charles Darwin Found seashells in the Andes
Conclusion: must have been under water – Earth must be very old
Found four different varieties of finches on four different islands
Each varied slightly according to the needs of their environment
Conclusion: species are forced to evolve or face extinction
The taller and more pointy, the younger the mountain. Younger mountains are still building and tectonic forces are still pushing the mountains up. This means the universe is not static.

14. Finches from Galapagos Island
Finches from Galapagos Island. Darwin's finches are an excellent example of the way in which species' gene pools have adapted in order for long term survival via their offspring. The Darwin's Finches diagram above illustrates the way the finch has adapted to take advantage of feeding in different ecological niche's.
Their beaks have evolved over time to be best suited to their function. For example, the finches who eat grubs have a thin extended beak to poke into holes in the ground and extract the grubs. Finches who eat buds and fruit would be less successful at doing this, while their claw like beaks can grind down their food and thus give them a selective advantage in circumstances where buds are the only real food source for finches.

15. Charles Darwin Went against Creationists
Was concerned with being ostracized by the church, and sat on his theories for 20 years until….
The Church of England believed evolution would upset the natural order of society

16. Russell Wallace (1823-1913) Writes to Darwin from Malaysia
Research contains some of the same conclusions as Darwin’s
Darwin and Wallace publish joint papers (strength in numbers)
Russell Wallace had the theory and needed Darwin’s evidence

17. Darwin Publishes… On the Origins of Species, in 1859
Research opened up debates between pro and non Darwinists
Eventually religion seen as a matter of faith
Research seen as science

18. Darwin’s Observations
All species of plants and animals are capable of change
Organisms change from generation to generation depending on which characteristics they inherit
Offspring that inherit the most useful characteristics for a particular environment, have increase chances for survival

19. The individuals that survive are most likely to leave their inheritable traits to future generations
This process results in populations that adapt to the environment over time
- eventually the new variety
becomes the new species

20. Darwin Called His Theory, Natural Selection
1. There is variation in traits
Example:
Some beetles are green
and some are brown.

21. There is Differential Reproduction
- since the environment can’t support unlimited population growth, not all individuals get to reproduce
Example: green beetles tend
to get eaten by birds
more than brown
beetles.

22. Heredity is at work
Example: The surviving brown beetles
have brown baby beetles
because this trait has a
genetic basis

23. Environmental Advantages
The more advantageous the trait, the more common it becomes in the population
Example: Brown beetles become
more common until
eventually, all
beetles are brown.

24. If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by Natural Selection as an outcome.
*Darwin could not explain heredity

25. Survival of the Fittest
What does “Survival of the fittest” mean?
- Where have you heard it?
Darwin did not use the term to refer to the organism that was in the best physical shape - survival is a natural prerequisite
for reproduction
- any organism that can reproduce itself will
survive, not just the fittest

26. Herbert Spencer
“Survival of the Fittest” was first used by Darwin in his book
- Darwin used it to refer to species that
were better adapted to the local
environment
Herbert Spencer borrowed the term from Darwin’s book 30 years after it was written

27. Herbert Spencer changed the meaning of Darwin’s words
He belonged to the Social Darwinism movement
- they believed that only those people with the strongest moral character should survive, or society would weaken
- people of strong moral character were chosen by God

28. Social Darwinism was fundamentally racist
- justified colonization
- justified greed by wealthy people to take what they wanted with no obligation to poor

29. http://www. ted. com/talks/david_gallo_shows_underwater_astonishments