1. Introduction to Vertebrates
Welcome to Chordata
Introduction to Vertebrates

2. 30-1 Chorates 1. Chordates belong to the phylum Chordata.
Kingdom Animalia
3.Chordates must have four characteristics:
Dorsal hollow nerve cord (supporting rod)
Notocord
Pharyngeal pouches
A tail

3. 2. Examples Include
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

4. 4. Pharyngeal Pouches Paired structures in throat regions
Some chordates have them develop into gills used to exchange gas
We are chordates so where are yours?
You had as an embryo while pharynx was forming

5. 5. 96% of all chordates have vertebral column, or backbone
5. 96% of all chordates have vertebral column, or backbone. They are placed into the subphylum Vertebrata.
The backbone replaces the notochord during development.
This backbone is part of the endoskeleton (internal skeleton)
 Insects have exoskeletons (hard outer shell on the outside of organism)

6. 6. Using the image above, are vertebrates or invertebrates more evolved (complex)? How do you know?
More complex because they have adapted more complex structures over time

7. 7. The backbone, also known as the spine, is made of ….
Vertebrae

8. 8. Although all vertebrates are chordates, not all chordates are vertebrates
Tunicates
Lancelets

9. Amphibians
An amphibian is an animal that lives part of it’s life in water and part on land

10. Amphibians Amphibian means “double life”
They belong to the phylum Chordata

11. Amphibians have 3 Groups
Examples include:
Anura (Frogs & Toads)
Urodela (Salamanders & Newts)
Apoda (Caecilian)

12. Amphibian Classification
Amphibians are broken down into gruops according to their body structures

13. Amphibians Frogs need a moist habitat because:
Skin cannot hold in moisture
Absorb oxygen through skin
Lay their eggs

14. Reproduction
Amphibians must have water to…
Reproduction (eggs are laid in water and tadpoles have gills)

15. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain stable internal conditions
Ectotherms: Do not produce much internal heat
“Cold-Blooded”
Endotherms: Able
to regulate their
internal body
Temperature
“Warm-Blooded”

16. Ectotherms have Benefits
Frogs do not maintain their body heat
Must get their heat from surrounding area
Example: Sitting in sun on a lily pad
When they get cold, everything slows down inside
Live of body fat and go long periods of time without food

17. Estivation In hot, dry climates amphibians can go through estivation
Similar to hibernation (period of inactivity) but amphibian searching for cooler spot underground

18. Scientists believed they changed slowly over time from fish.
Amphibians
Scientists believed they changed slowly over time from fish.

20. Frog Life Cycle
Eggs Laid

21. Frog Life Cycle
Eggs Develop

22. Tadpole hatches and grows
Frog Life Cycle
Tadpole hatches and grows

23. Tadpole grows and begins
Frog Life Cycle
Tadpole grows and begins
to get appendages

24. Tadpole grows and begins
Frog Life Cycle
Tadpole grows and begins
to get appendages

25. Frog Life Cycle As the frog develops, and its tail
shrinks, it begins to move out of the
water

26. Frog Life Cycle
Adult Frog