1. Water quality management training for operational staff

2. Overview of water safety plans
Introduction
Overview of water safety plans

3. Introduction Overview of WSPs
Session structure
Background to WSP
What is a WSP?
Why do we need them?
WSP approach
Benefits of a WSP
Requirements
Exercise

4. Introduction Overview of WSPs
Background to WSPs
HACCP principles
Multi-barrier approach
IWA Bonn Charter
Bonn Charter, 2004 “to provide good safe drinking water that has the trust of the consumers”
Integrated and proactive approach for entire system
WHO
Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 3rd Edition
Water Safety Plans – risk management from catchment to consumer
Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th Edition
WSPs are recommended as the most effective management approach for ensuring the safety of drinking-water supplies in the GDWQ.

5. Introduction Overview of WSPs
What is a WSP?
A way to ensure safe drinking-water by:
Knowing the system thoroughly
Identifying where and how problems could arise
Putting barriers and management systems in place to stop the problems before they happen
Making sure all parts of the system work properly
A comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that encompasses all steps in water supply from catchment to consumer
Fits within a framework for safe drinking-water – health driven

6. Health-based water quality targets Management and communication
Introduction Framework for safe drinking-water
Health-based water quality targets
Public health context and health outcome
Water safety plans
Management and communication
Monitoring
System assessment
Surveillance
Feedback
The WHO GDWQ outlines a preventive management “framework for safe drinking-water” that comprises three key components.
Health-based targets are set nationally based on an evaluation of health concerns.
WSPs, which are typically led by water suppliers.
Independent surveillance to confirm that the above are operating properly.

7. Introduction Overview of WSPs
Why do we need WSPs?
783 million lack access to “safe” drinking-water
Traditional ways of ensuring water quality?
Measure water quality:
At works
At point of use
The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) is the official mechanism tasked with monitoring progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking-water and sanitation (MDG target 7c), which is to: “Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking-water and basic sanitation”.
Access to drinking-water is measured by the MDG indicator: Proportion of population using an improved drinking-water source.
However, it is clear that improved water sources are not necessarily safe.
For more information on the JMP programme, go to
Photo credit: Rose Kaggwa, National Water and Sewerage Corporation Uganda
Picture source: National Water and Sewerage Company Uganda

8. Introduction Overview of WSPs
Why do we need WSPs?
Why end-product testing (compliance monitoring) is not enough?
Reactive – problem has already occurred
Sampling takes time – response delayed
End-product testing still important in verification
Water tested
Water consumed
Test results
Water becomes contaminated
Other limitations of end-product testing
Not all water can be tested
Not feasible to test all parameters
Limited capacity of many laboratories
Etc.

9. Introduction Overview of WSPs
Why do we need WSPs?
In developed nations, 74 deaths were reported from 69 outbreaks in the 1970s (USA, Canada, United Kingdom, Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland)
Mainly due to inadequate system management
Easily prevented
Accidents waiting to happen

10. Introduction Overview of WSPs
Inhalation and aspiration
Contact
Ingestion
Gastrointestinal
Respiratory
Skin, mucous membranes, eyes, wounds
Bacteria
Campylobacter
E. coli
Salmonella
Shigella
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia
Viruses
Adenovirus
Astrovirus
Enterovirus
Hep A
Hep E
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Sapovirus
Protozoa & helminths
Cryptosporidium
Dracunculus
Entamoeba
Giardia
Toxoplasma
Legionella
Mycobacteria
Naegleria
Viral infections
Acanthamoeba
Aeromonas
Burkholderia
Mycobacteria
Leptospira
Pseudomonas
Schistosoma
Examples of water-related pathogens and their transmission pathways

11. Introduction Overview of WSPs
WSP approach
“Route maps” to best provide safe water
Based on proactive risk management
Entire supply: catchment to point of use
Five basic components:
Preparation
System assessment
Monitoring
Management and communication
Feedback
Picture ref:

12. Introduction Overview of WSPs
Assemble team
(Module 1)
Develop supporting programmes
(Module 9)
Plan & carry out periodic WSP review (Module 10)
Verify the effectiveness of the WSP (Module 7)
Develop, implement & maintain an improvement plan (Module 5)
Determine & validate control measures, reassess & prioritize risks (Module 4)
Identify the hazards & assess the risks
(Module 3)
Revise WSP following incident (Module 11)
Describe the water supply system (Module 2)
Define monitoring of control measures (Module 6)
incident
Feedback
Management & communication
Monitoring
System assessment
Prepare management procedures
(Module 8)
Preparation

13. Introduction Overview of WSPs
WSP approach
Should address all components of a water supply
Will vary in complexity according to situation
Objectives:
Minimize contamination of source water
Reduce or remove contamination by treatment
Prevent contamination during storage, distribution and handling

14. Introduction Overview of WSPs
WSP approach
Safety is secured through a multi-barrier approach
Key control points are known and monitored effectively
Does not necessitate starting over:
Build on existing procedures
Continuous improvement
Transparent and shared experience with all stakeholders
Addressing WSP misconceptions:
1. WSPs are not rocket science and not dramatically new – just pull together all features of good practice
2. It is not a new tool or gimmick that requires additional work by the water supplier – it is the water suppliers’ work
3. it is more than just a document, it’s a continuous improvement process

15. Introduction Overview of WSPs
Benefits of a WSP
Utilities
Clearer understanding of roles and responsibilities
Helps to prioritize limited resources most effectively
Reduced costs
Consumers
Increased confidence in water supply
Safer water
Regulators
Clear risk-based targeting and justification of investment
Anticipates future regulatory agenda
Water suppliers may benefit from reduced costs through reducing or eliminating any unnecessary monitoring and testing, reducing the need for treatment or improving maintenance. Other benefits include improved communication/stakeholder relationships, improved management and operation of the water supply system and more effective coordination of procedures.

16. Introduction Overview of WSPs
Requirements
Management commitment
Suitable WSP team (experts from catchment to point of use)
Competent and trained staff
“Right” organizational culture

17. Introduction Overview of WSPs
Exercise
Group work
Fill in the gaps in Table 0.1. Match up:
water quality parameters
corresponding potential health impact
potential source of contaminant
15 minutes