1. Thursday October 3rd, 2016 Announcements Agenda
Making a Murderer Questions due Monday November 7th
I won’t be here Friday, you will be completing a Fingerprint worksheet
Agenda
Start fingerprint notes
Grab a notetaker if you havent yer
Find Your Fingerprint Activity
“Success is liking yourself, liking what you do and liking how you do it” – Maya Angelou
Happy National Sandwich Day- it’s buy a sub get a free sub at subway
Fun Fact: Every year more people die from taking selfies than from shark attacks

2. Chapter 5: Fingerprints

3. Historical Development
Oldest known document showing fingerprints dates from the third century B.C.
In ancient China finger and palm prints were used to authenticate legal documents.
In western culture (Europe, Americas)
1684: Dr. Nehemiah wrote the first paper describing the patterns he saw on human hands
1823: Jan Evangelist Puekyn described nine distinct fingerprint patterns, including loops, spirals, circles, and double whorls

4. Historical Development
In western culture continued
1883: Alphonse Bertillon created a system to use fingerprints to identify criminals; Bertillonage
1888: Galton and Sir E.R. Henry developed the classification system for fingerprints that is still used today in the US and Europe.
1896: Henry created a system that divided fingerprint records into groups based on whether they have an arch, whorl, or loop pattern
Ten Card: Developed by Henry, contains all 10 fingerprints and marked with individual characteristics

5. What Are Fingerprints
Fingerprints: raised portions of the skin, arranged in connected units called friction ridges. When pressed against things the ridges leave an impression (your fingerprint)
Fingerprints are a result of oil and secretions from skin mixing with dirt
Fingerprints on your right and left hands are not identical
Fingerprints help with gripping objects
Fingerprint patterns are formed at the 10th week of pregnancy

6. Check for Understanding 1
When do fingerprint patterns develop?
First described 9 distinct fingerprint patterns?
Who came up with Bertillonage and what was it?
Contains all 10 fingerprints and marked with individual characteristics
How far back do the first fingerprint documents go
Who developed the current fingerprinting classification system we still use today

7. Characteristics of Fingerprints
Fingerprint characteristics are named for their general appearance and patterns
Loops: 65% of the total population
Enter from either the right or left and exit from the same side they enter
Have 1 delta (triangle)
Whorls: 30% of the total population
Look like a bull’s-eye,
2 deltas
Arches: 5% of the total population
Ridges that enter from one side of the fingerprint and leave from the other side with a rise in the center
DON’T HAVE DELTAS

9. Characteristics of Fingerprints
Two things forensic examiners look for on a fingerprint are the presence of a core and a delta
Core: center of a loop or a whorl
Delta: Triangular region located near the loop
A ridge count is another characteristic used to distinguish fingerprints from each other
To take a ridge count; an imaginary line is drawn from the center of the core to the edge of the delta

10. Characteristics of Fingerprints
Basic Fingerprints can be divided further
Whorl Patterns
Plain Whorl (24%): has one or more ridges that make a complete spiral
Central Pocket Loop Whorl (2%): has one or more ridges that make a complete circle
Double Loop Whorl (4%): 2 separate loop formations and 2 deltas
Accidental Whorl (2%): has 2 or more deltas and is a combination of 2 other patterns

11. Characteristics of Fingerprints

12. Characteristics of Fingerprints
Basic Fingerprints can be divided further
Arch Patterns
Plain Arch(4%): ridges enter from one side, rise in the center and exit out the other side
Has no characteristics of the loop pattern
Tented Arch(1%): forms an angle

13. Characteristics of Fingerprints
Minutiae: unique ridge patterns which causes everyone to have a unique fingerprint
Fingerprint Identification: recognizing details in the differences between ridges, the number of ridges and their location on a specific fingerprint
There are about 150 individual ridge characteristics on an average fingerprint

15. Check for Understanding 2
Exit from the same side they enter, and have 1 delta
What is fingerprint identification
4 types of whorl patterns
The triangular region of the fingerprint located near the loop
The arch pattern can be further divided into
Ridges enter from one side of the fingerprint and exit out the other side with a rise in the middle
Unique ridge patterns which cause us to have unique fingerprints

16. Types of Fingerprints
Three types of fingerprints found by investigators at a crime scene
Patent Fingerprints: Visible prints, easy to find
Left on a smooth surface when blood, ink or another liquid comes in contact with the hands and is transferred to the surface
Plastic Fingerprints: indentations left in soft material (clay, putty or wax)
Latent Fingerprints: Hidden prints
Caused by the transfer of oils and other body secretions onto a surface
Can be made visible by dusting with powders or chemicals

17. Patent Fingerprint
Plastic Fingerprint
Latent Fingerprint

18. Types of Fingerprints
Fingerprints are taken by rolling each of the 10 fingers in ink and then rolling them onto a ten card

19. Frequently Asked Fingerprint Forensic Questions
Can Fingerprints Be Altered or Destroyed
You can not fully destroy your fingerprints but it is possible to alter them
Vertical cut or slice: modifies the fingerprint by scarring or distorting
Cut down the middle of the fingertip; pull the skin in different directions to generate an unusual fingerprint pattern when the skin heals
Z-pattern: scar and distort the natural fingerprint into an unnatural pattern
Burning: can be done by heat or chemicals
Intent is to scar or obliterate the fingerprint
Fingerprint examiners can use other areas of the finger to establish identity
The FBI arrested and jailed Oregon lawyer Brandon Mayfield based on fingerprint evidence that linked him to the 2004 Madrid train bombing which killed 170 people. Mayfield had not traveled out of the united states in 10 years and claimed the fingerprint wasn’t a good match. Mayfield was held in custody for 2 weeks until Spanish authorities informed the FBI that the fingerprint was of an allgerian citizen.

20. Frequently Asked Fingerprint Forensic Questions
Can Fingerprints Be Altered or Destroyed
The FBI arrested and jailed Oregon lawyer Brandon Mayfield based on fingerprint evidence that linked him to the 2004 Madrid train bombing which killed 170 people. Mayfield had not traveled out of the united states in 10 years and claimed the fingerprint wasn’t a good match. Mayfield was held in custody for 2 weeks until Spanish authorities informed the FBI that the fingerprint was of an allgerian citizen.
Vertical Cut or Slice
Z-Pattern Cut
Burn Method

21. Frequently Asked Fingerprint Forensic Questions
How Reliable is Fingerprinting as a Means of Identification
Humans are responsible for imputing and analyzing the information; humans make mistakes
In fingerprint examiners were given a test; 1 in 5 examiners made at least 1 false identification
The FBI arrested and jailed Oregon lawyer Brandon Mayfield based on fingerprint evidence that linked him to the 2004 Madrid train bombing which killed 170 people. Mayfield had not traveled out of the united states in 10 years and claimed the fingerprint wasn’t a good match. Mayfield was held in custody for 2 weeks until Spanish authorities informed the FBI that the fingerprint was of an Algerian citizen.
The FBI arrested and jailed Oregon lawyer Brandon Mayfield based on fingerprint evidence that linked him to the 2004 Madrid train bombing which killed 170 people. Mayfield had not traveled out of the united states in 10 years and claimed the fingerprint wasn’t a good match. Mayfield was held in custody for 2 weeks until Spanish authorities informed the FBI that the fingerprint was of an allgerian citizen.

22. Frequently Asked Fingerprint Forensic Questions
How Are Fingerprints Analyzed
In 1987 the FBI had 23 million criminal fingerprint cards on file, finding a match for one found at a crime scene required manual searching and could take months
In 1999 FBI developed IAFIS or AFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System)
Provides digital, automated fingerprint searches, latent searches, electronic storage of fingerprint photo files and electronic exchange of fingerprints and test results
Maintains the Criminal Master File: contains the fingerprints and criminal histories of 47 million people
The FBI arrested and jailed Oregon lawyer Brandon Mayfield based on fingerprint evidence that linked him to the 2004 Madrid train bombing which killed 170 people. Mayfield had not traveled out of the united states in 10 years and claimed the fingerprint wasn’t a good match. Mayfield was held in custody for 2 weeks until Spanish authorities informed the FBI that the fingerprint was of an allgerian citizen.

23. Frequently Asked Fingerprint Forensic Questions
How Are Latent Fingerprints Collected
Dusting surfaces with a carbon powder make the fingerprint visible
Photos of the fingerprint are taken before the fingerprint is lifted
Tape is then used to lift the fingerprint and preserve the fingerprint
Tape with the fingerprint is placed on an evidence card with the time, date, location and collector of the print
Fingerprints from a non-smooth, hard surface requires the use of different chemicals
Fingerprint residue combines with the chemicals making the fingerprint visible
Chemicals on the next slide

24. Chemical Uses Application Safety Chemical Reaction Latent Print
Ninhydrin
Paper
Object dipped or sprayed with Ninhydrin; must wait 24 hrs
Do not inhale or get on your skin
Reacts with amino acids found in sweat
Purple-Blue print
Cyanoacrylate Vapor
Household items: plastic, metal, glass, and skin
Heat sample in a vapor tent
Do not inhale or get on your skin: irritant to mucous membranes
Reacts with amino acids
White print
Silver Nitrate
Wood Styrofoam
Object dipped or sprayed with Silver Nitrate
Wear gloves and avoid contact with skin
Chloride from salt in sweat on the print combines with silver nitrate to form silver chloride
Black or red-ish brown pigment under a UV light
Iodine Fuming
Cardboard
Unpainted surfaces
In a vapor tent, heat solid iodine crystals
Toxic to inhale or ingest
Iodine combines with carbohydrates in the latent print
Brownish print (fades quickly must be photographed or sprayed with a starch solution)

25. Check for Understanding 3
Chemical to use when lifting a fingerprint off wood
Prints left in soft material
Cut which is done in an unusual pattern in order to distort the fingerprint
Prints which are hard to see
How would you lift a print using Cyanoacrylate Vapor
Using this chemical leaves behind a blue-purple print
Prints which are easy to see