1. NDT (Nondestructive Testing) for Welding Result
Teknologi Las Kapal
NDT (Nondestructive Testing)
for Welding Result

2. Nondestructive Testing
Visual Inspection
Dye Penetrate Testing
Magnetic Particle Test (Eddy Current)
Ultrasonic Test
Radiographic Testing (X-ray)
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3. Visual Inspection
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4. Visual Inspection • Basic principle:
– illuminate the test specimen with light
– examine the specimen with the eye
• Used to:
– to magnify defects which can not be detected by the unaided eye
– to assist in the inspection of defects
– to permit visual checks of areas not accessible to unaided eye
• Most widely used of all the nondestructive tests.
• Simple, easy to apply, quickly carried out and usually low in cost.
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5. Visual Inspection Equipment
• Magnifying Glass
• Magnifying Mirror
• Microscope
• Borescope
– endoscopes or endoprobes
• Flexible Fiber Optic Borescope
– working lengths are normally 60 to 365 cm with diameters
from 3 to 12.5 mm
• Video Imagescope
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6. Visual Inspection Equipment
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7. Dye Penetrant Test
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8. Dye Penetrant Test
Section of material with a surface-breaking crack that visible to the naked eye
Penetrant applied to the surface
Excess penetrant removed
Developer applied, rendering the crack visible
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9. Steps of dye penetrant testing
clean the surface
apply penetrant
remove excess penetrant
apply developer
inspect / interpretation
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10. Dye Penetrant Test
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11. Magnetic Particle Test (Eddy Current)
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12. Principle • When an energized coil is brought near to the surface
of a metal or conducting component, eddy currents
are induced into the specimen. These currents set-up
magnetic field that tend to oppose the original
magnetic field. The impedance of coil in close
proximity to the specimen is affected by the presence
of the induced eddy currents in the specimen.
• When the eddy currents in the specimen are distorted
by the presence of the flaws or material variations,
the impedance in the coil is altered. This change is
measured and displayed in a manner that indicates
the type of flaw or material condition.
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13. Applications Used for Locating Surface or Near Surface Discontinuities
A Magnetic Field is Applied to the Weldment and Iron Dust is Spread in Weld
The Pattern of Flaws are Revealed by Particles Conforming to Distortions in the Magnetic Field
Range from crack detection, to the rapid
sorting of small components for either
flaws, size variations, or material
variation.
Commonly used in aerospace,
automotive, marine, and manufacturing
industries.
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14. Magnetic Particle Test
Detect both surface & near surface irregularities
Close contact not needed
Can be automated
No clean up
Low cost equipment
Response can be sensitive interpretation difficult
Depth of penetration limited
Need to maintain constant distance between coil and specimen for good resu
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15. Technique
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16. Technique
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17. Magnetic Particle Test
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18. Magnetic Particle Test
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19. Ultrasonic Test
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20. Principle
• The use of ultrasonic waves to evaluate the condition of a material.
• Anomalies absorb or deflect the sound waves, which are then detected as changes in the waves.
– holes, delaminations, voids
– damage, debonds
– resin-rich, poor areas
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21. Ultrasonic instrument
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22. Through Transmission Mode Reflected Transmission Mode
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23. Sound reflection at a flaw
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24. Plate testing
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25. Through transmission testing
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26. Weld inspection
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27. Ultrasonic Test
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28. Radiographic Testing (X-ray)
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29. Radiographic Testing
Radiographic Inspection is Suitable for all Materials, however, Applicability Depends on Joint Configuration and Material Thickness
Flat Plates OK - Corner Joints No
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30. RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE ACQUISITION
A digitization process is normally divided into two stages: the sampling stage, in which its spatial resolution is defined, and the quantization stage, in which the resolution of the gray tones of the image is defined.
These two stages are very important, because they determine the level of information that the image will contain after being digitized
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31. Digitization of Phosphor Plates
In addition to film digitization, there is the digitization of plates containing crystals of photostimulated phosphor in which, when exposed to X-rays or gamma rays, some of the electrons go to a higher semi stable energy state.
Using a beam of rays, these electrons return to the stable energy state and emit visible light that is captured and converted into a digital radiographic image.
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32. Radiographic process
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33. Radiographic process
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34. Teknologi dan Rekayasa