1. View this in presentation mode and listen to the audio!
Evidence of Evolution
View this in presentation mode and listen to the audio!

2. Dating Rocks
Relative dating: using the position of the rocks in the rock layer to determine which are older (superposition)
Absolute dating: Using the decay of isotopes to determine a more precise age of rocks (radiometric dating)

3. Radiometric dating Isotopes decay at a known rate called Half-life.
Radiometric dating: is a measure of the decay of isotopes
Isotopes decay at a known rate called Half-life.
Half-life is the amount of time need for ½ of a sample of radioactive material to decay
The age of a rock can be calculated using the formula:
time = duration of half-life X # of half-lives that have occurred.

4. Calculating rate of decay
Each isotope has a known half-life.
For example the half-life of Iodine-131 is 8.1 days.
The number of half-lives passed can be calculated by knowing what fraction of the parent isotope is remaining.
½ remaining = 1 half life, ¼ = 2, 1/8 = 3 etc.
test yourself: If there is ¼ of iodine-131 remaining how much time has passed?
2 x 8.1days = 16.2 days

5. Types of evidence Fossil record
Transitional species
Homologous structures
Vestigial structures
Biological molecules: DNA, RNA, proteins
Embryology
Antibiotic resistant bacteria

6. Fossil record & transition species
Transitional fossils
Darwin predicted they would be found.
Links today’s forms with ancestral form.
Birds/reptiles
Land/sea mammals
Four legged animals with fish.
what do you think this fossil is a link to? 6

7. Homologous Structures
Different shape and function today.
Same evolutionary origin.
Ex: Bones of the forearm of mammals. 7

8. Vestigial Structures Structure is coded for in the DNA.
Function has apparently been lost.
Ex: Human appendix? 8

9. Similar macromolecules
Related species have the same or very similar DNA and proteins.
Distantly related organisms have dissimilar DNA and proteins.
Vital genes and proteins change little over time. (conservative traits)
Universality of genetic code
What more closely related a pigeon and a monkey or a pigeon and a bull frog? 9

10. Similarity in Embryology
Embryos of similar species look the same.
Embryos of related species go through the same steps.
the top row of embryos, those that are in the same stage of early development, look like the same species further proof of a common ancestor. 10

11. Antibiotic resistant bacteria
Evolution is continuous
Bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics will survive when those that are not won’t
Thereby passing on antibiotic resistant genes
People often think of evolution is something that happened in the past, but it is an ongoing process. Organism that are numerous and reproduce quickly such as bacteria and insects can adapt quickly to changing environments. if antibiotics kill 99% of bacteria that leaves the 1% of resistant bacteria that survive to pass on resistant genes. The advent of pesticides and herbicides greatly increased crop yields when they were first used decades ago. Today the old pesticides no longer work because the pest have evolved to be resistant.

12. In your summary answer these questions, pick one cartoon to explain, and explain how antibiotics relate to evolution.
What is an homologous structure?
How are embryos evidence of evolution?
Name a way to show species are closely related.