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Teaching Flight Maneuvers
Soaring Safety Foundation FIRC Rich Carlson
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Basic Teaching Steps Preparation Presentation Application
Review and Evaluation
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Common Student Errors Under/Over controlling Stress overload
Fixation on a single task Loss of situational awareness
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Necessary Flight Maneuvers
Normal and Crosswind Launch Straight and Turning flight Ground Reference Stalls and Spins Slips to Landing Normal and Crosswind Landing Emergency procedures
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Pre-flight Inspection
Before first flight or Before every flight? Is assembly enough? Reduce/Eliminate distractions What should be checked? Use POH based checklist Positive Control Check Reduce or Eliminate distractions
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In flight maneuvers Orientation to airport/runway (upwind)
Determining heading (using landmarks) Picking the heading for stalls Turning left or right Basic glide performance How much altitude needed to cover 1 mile?
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Which picture is different?
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Simple Math Solve for X Find X 3 4 X
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Simple Math Solve for X = 5 Find X Here it is 3 X 4
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Emergency Procedures Discuss/demo T.O. Emergencies
PT3 at low/mid/high altitude Distractions during T.O./Tow Canopy opening Bugs, Snakes, Object on runway, etc Discuss/demo Landing Emergencies Too low to fly normal pattern Off-airport landings
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Approach & Landing The Glider Flight Instructor does an excellent job of teaching T.O. Emergency procedures including practicing low altitude rope breaks. The SSF accident statistics show that this practice has paid off by a low number of PT3 accidents.
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Approach & Landing A review of glider accident statistics shows that over 70% of the accidents occur in the landing phase of flight. The “Law of Primacy” states that the first thing learned is what is remembered during times of stress.
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Approach & Landing What we teach Complete the landing checklist
Reach the IP at xxxx ft AGL Enter the downwind leg and correct for x-wind Opposite Touchdown point Turn Base Turn Final and aim for T.D. point Use spoilers to control height, elevator to control speed
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Choose Your Approach Goal is IP? 27 9 5 Kts IP
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Goal is IP point 27 9 5 Kts Fly to IP and modify pattern to make safe landing IP
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Approach & Landing Major drawback is that primary focus is on reaching the IP. This technique works well when students plan ahead to reach the IP at the desired altitude. What happens when this planning breaks down and the student is 1 mile out at 1200 ft and runs into 500 fpm sink?
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Approach and Landing What we really mean
Make sure you control your speed to keep from stalling Make sure you control your height and position so you reach the intended landing point Goal orientated approach, reach the landing point, NOT the IP.
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Goal is Touchdown Point?
Choose Your Approach Goal is Touchdown Point? 27 9 5 Kts IP
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Goal is Touchdown Point
27 9 5 Kts Fly to IP and modify pattern to make safe landing IP
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Optional Approach 2 27 9 5 Kts IP
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Optional Approach 3 27 9 5 Kts IP
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Optional Approach 4 27 9 5 Kts IP
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Optional Approach 5 27 9 5 Kts IP
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Which Approach is Best? 27 9 5 Kts IP
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A Goal Orientated Approach
Focus the students’ attention on the landing area Practice ‘standard’ and ‘non-standard’ approaches but ignore naming the legs 1st approach ‘standard’ 2nd approach ‘non-standard’, base/final only 3rd approach ‘standard’ 4th approach ‘non-standard’, right vs left pattern 5th approach ‘standard’ 6th approach ‘non-standard’, overhead join at mid-field Review previous approaches and begin naming legs, while maintaining focus on primary goal “Law of Primacy view”
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Emergency Procedures Practice arrival from various directions
Practice left, right, straight-in, downwind approaches Practice arrival from various altitudes Demonstrate the effect of constant headwind Demonstrate the effect of a decreasing headwind
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Out landing at new field
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12 Pilot’s Landing Traces
2002 Std Class Nationals 12 Pilot’s Landing Traces Tom Beltz Walter Cannon Bob Epp Chip Garner Ray Gimmey Sam Gitner Gary Itner Tom Knauff Baudouin Litt Liz Schwendler Ken Sorenson Tim Wells
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Post Flight De-briefing
Essential component of lesson to discuss why this approach was different and how it affected other gliders/pilots Emphasize the skills you are trying to impart (Judgment Training and problem solving skills)
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Determining When to Land
What effect does the wind have on landing?
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Supplemental Information
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Effect of 20 Kt wind Time on Downwind: More, Less, no Change?
Altitude loss: More, Less, no Change? 27 9 20 Kts
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Effect of 20 Kt wind Time on base: More, Less, no Change?
Altitude loss: More, Less, no Change? 27 9 20 Kts
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Effect of 20 Kt wind Time on Final: More, Less, no Change?
Altitude loss: More, Less, no Change? 27 9 20 Kts
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Effect of 20 Kt wind Which path is your student likely to fly?
Which path do you want them to fly? 27 9 4 20 Kts 3 1 2
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Final Approach (No wind)
ft/m decent rate 12:1 glide slope 24 seconds 200 2400
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Final Approach (20 Kt Head Wind)
ft/m decent rate 8:1 glide slope 24 seconds 200 1600 2400
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Final Approach (20 kt wind shear)
ft/m decent rate Maintain constant speed during approach How much time remains? 200 20 kts With 20 kt shear, are you likely to overshoot your intended aim point (into area Y) or undershoot (into area X) Said another way, what actions do you need to take to reach your intended touchdown point 1) close the spoilers to extend (undershooting) 2) open the spoilers to sink faster (overshooting) Another variation, what will the aim spot do? 1) move up on the canopy (undershooting) 2) move down on the canopy (overshooting) 0 kts X Y 1600 2400
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Decision Time With a 20 kt shear, are you likely to
overshoot (into area Y) undershoot (into area X) Said another way, what actions do you need to take to reach your intended touchdown point close the spoilers to extend (undershooting) open the spoilers to sink faster (overshooting) Another variation, what will the aim spot do? move up on the canopy (undershooting) move down on the canopy (overshooting)
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Transition through Wind Shear Line
Speed (kts) Time (s) Alt Remaining (ft) Distance 60 100 800 50 1 89 883 40 2 70 1017 Is this a reasonable amount of time for the student/pilot to wait before responding? What would your reaction time be?
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Final Approach (20 Kt Wind Shear)
2 seconds for the glider to stabilize at the new sink rate AOA increases from 0.5o to 5.0o 200 20 kts 0 kts 1017 1600 2400
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Distance & Altitude during recovery phase
Speed (kts) Time (s) Alt Remaining (ft) Distance 40 70 1018 47 1 56 1095 53 2 31 1193 60 3 -5 1313 Gravity is the only motive force, so nose is lowered 20 deg below the horizon to accelerate the glider 20 kts in 3 seconds. In 5 seconds (2 sec 60 -> 40 and 3 sec 40 -> 60) and we are 5 ft below the runway surface. What happened to the other 7 seconds? 100 ft 500 fpm is 12 seconds from landing. 12 – 5 = 7 We not only lost altitude, we lost time.
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Final Approach (20 Kt Wind Shear)
3 seconds to accelerate back to 60 Kts Glider nose is 20o below the horizon 200 20 kts 0 kts 1300 1600 2400
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Final Approach (20 Kt Wind Shear)
Start recovery process after 1 second (at height of 88 ft) 200 20 kts 0 kts 1600 1647 2400
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Final Approach (Likely outcome in 3 cases?)
No Wind Constant headwind 20 Kt Wind Shear 200 1300 1600 2400
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Shear Encounters When can this happen? Landing in gusty conditions
Landing area shielded by obstructions During good thermal conditions You do not need strong winds for this to occur. Suppose a thermal breaks loose ¼ mile in front of you? Wind will flow into the thermal, causing a shear as the headwind turns into a tailwind on short final.
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Recommendations Plan for this loss of energy
Pick an approach speed that will allow for some loss Move base leg closer to runway edge Be higher turning Final Be prepared to close the spoilers Be prepared to pitch forward to maintain/recover airspeed
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Conclusions Shear line causes loss of Total Energy
Large Pitch change required to rapidly recover lost energy Large amount of Time ‘lost’ while total energy changes Immediate action is required to reach original touchdown point!
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Effects on Landing Steady wind requires more energy
800 feet closer or 100 ft higher for 20 kt wind Changing wind requires more energy Sink requires more energy Ask yourself “Are you more likely to wind up getting low or high on final?”
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Normal Landing at Home field
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Another pilot landing at home field
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Pilot after contest finish
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Determining When to Land
Before take-off Emergency item on check-list Develop a number of plans, and execute the best one for this situation
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Distance & Altitude during recovery phase
Speed (kts) Time (s) Alt Remaining (ft) Distance 50 89 883 57 1 74 961 63 2 49 1059 60 5.88 1647 Start recovery after 1 second, total recovery time takes 3 seconds, and you are 49 ft above the ground (5.88 seconds) Time lost is 12 – ( ) = 3.12 seconds.
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Determining When to Land
What altitude do you start thinking about landing? Immediately upon release? When reaching a specific altitude?
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Approach & Landing Serial Tasks Parallel Tasks Time independent
Step by Step procedure Completion depends on completing all steps in sequence Parallel Tasks Time dependent Multiple simultaneous procedures Different tasks may finish at different times
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Glider Systems Instruments Instruments GPS ASI PDA Altimeter
Flight recorder Transponder Barograph Clock Instruments ASI Altimeter Compass Vario Radio Yaw String
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Glider Systems Pneumatic Electrical Pitot Static Total Energy
Batteries Fuses Switches
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Glider Systems Control systems Aileron Rudder Elevator Trim Flaps
Spoilers Gear
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Performance Issues Speed to fly Determining approach speed
Minimum sink Best L/D Thermaling Inter-thermal cruise Determining approach speed 1.5 time Stalls + ½ wind + gusts
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Approach and Landing A Goal orientated approach
Pick your touchdown point on/off the runway Determine where base/final turn must be Determine where downwind/base turn must be Determine where entry point will be given current situation (altitude, position, and speed) Complete landing checklist prior to landing “Law of Primacy view”
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