1. Introduction to Mass Media
Recordings: Demanding Choices

2. What music do you listen to?
Popular music: rock, rap/hip-hop, urban, country and pop
Religious
Classical
Big band
Jazz
Children’s recordings

3. What types of music do people buy?

4. Who pays for music?

5. The recording industry
Of all media industry, the recording is the most suffered from internet technology.
Decline of music sales because of illegal downloading,
Center of debate on protecting artistic copyright
Concert performances become necessity.
Celtic Woman: You raise me up

6. Recording of sound
An experience of recording

7. The History of Recording
1877, Thomas Edison invented phonograph

8. 1887 Emile Berliner
developed the gramophone
Flat disk replaced
Edison’s cylinder
Formed Victor Talking Machine Company (later become RCA Victor)

9. Standard of recording Edison and Victor compete the
technology for the industry.
Victor disc won
Early players required large
horns to amplify the sound

10. 1927 the first Jukeboxes were manufactured and brought music into restaurants and nightclub
After World War II, 78 rpm were standard, 3 minutes each recording,
1947, Peter Goldmark created LP (long-play) record, 23 minutes each record, larger disk, 33- 1/3 rpm.

11. Record Format 1948 Sarnoff of RCA introduced 45 rpm record.
Players were developed to play all three speeds.

12. 1950s, Hi-Fi and Stereo Rock In
Rock' n' roll redefined the concept
of popular music , the success
of popular entertainers like
Elvis Presley.
Recording industry improve recorded sound quality, e.g. Hi-Fi (high Fidelity) by London Records. Tape recorders by German during WWII

13. 3M (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing) perfected the plastic tape.
Tape can be edited and refined.
1956, Stereo invented
The improvement of recorded
sound quality contribute to
the success of recording artist like
the Beatles

14. 1960s, portable transistor radio carry sound everywhere
1979, Sony introduce walkman as a personal stereo.
In 2000, CD (Compact Discs) and CD-RW (Re- Writable) made copy of music easily.
2001, Apple ipod allow users to store and play music downloads,
2003, Apple launched iTunes, online music store

15. iTunes become the dominant consumer source for contemporary music.
2007, iPhone
iTunes become the dominant consumer source for contemporary music.
In 2015, the most watched YouTube video:
Hello by Adele

16. Recording Industry at Work
Artists and repertoire: develop and coordinates talent
Operations: manage the technical aspects of the recording
Marketing and promotion: decides the best way to sell the recordings
Distribution: gets the recordings into store,
Administration

17. Concerts Bring in Important Revenue
Concerts require high-tech innovation
Concert ticket sales are an essential source of revenue for large bands

18. Four Major Companies Dominate
About 5000 companies in US produce music, but four large corporations dominate the industry: EMI, Sony/BMG, Universal, Warner.
The four companies sole 2 billion recordings each year.
The main recording centers in US are Los Angeles, New York and Nashville.

19. Music Sales and Licensing Drive Industry Income
The recording industry collects income from:
Direct sales
Music Licensing
Music videos
Music downloads
The income is declining today because of internet and file sharing

20. Industry struggles to protect content labeling
Three issues facing today’s recording industry
Attempts to control music content through labeling
Overseas piracy
copyright protection for music file sharing
The recording industry responded to threats of government regulation of music lyrics by adopting its own standards for music labeling

21. MP3 digital technology, perfected in 1999, allow good quality music directly downloaded from the internet
Music sharing company Napster was sued in for copyright infringement by RIAA and shut down in 2001
In 2003, 261 individual music downloader was sued by RIAA , but people still continue to download

22. Music Industry Wins Legal Action
In2007, a federal jury imposed a penalty for file sharing of $222,000 against a woman Jammie Thomas.
In 2009, a federal jury reaffirmed the decision against Thomas and awarded the recording company $1.92 million or $80,000 per downloaded song. Thomas appealed.
In 2010, a judge reduced the award to $2,250 per song. RIAA asked for a third trial

23. Changing Technology Transform Delivery
In 2003, Apple’s iTune, provides a legal way to download music
Despite aggressive attempts by RIAA to stop music file sharing, the practice is still widespread.

24. Internet brings new obstacles and new opportunities
In 2007, RIAA estimated $1 billion lost in revenue from illegal music downloads
In 2010, RIAA estimate “globally only one of 20 downloads is authorized. Online piracy rates is 99%”
The Case of Apple --- a dominant music retailer. By April, 2008, iTune is the largest music retailer in US.

25. Tactics
The recording companies have to pursue copyright infringement, reduce oversea piracy.
The industry also encourages all legal music download services, like iTune, and subscription sites.