1. NOUNS ARE AWESOME!
In Latin, nouns are divided into groups or families called DECLENSIONS.

2. What this slide show contains is full models for every type of noun you have had thus far, plus notes for each of them and explanations.
Now, if you have not memorized your noun models, you must do it immediately. Every subsequent thing you learn is dependent upon these noun models.
If you do not have them memorized, you will not be able to do exercises, translation passages, and other items.
All of the chapters assume that you have these memorized as do the exercises.
In order to work as efficiently as possible, you must have these in your brains.
Magistra Lido’s note on MACRONS: I use macrons when it is convenient to tell the difference between two cases. Not all Latin passages will have them so you may need to rely on context or knowledge of declensions.

3. FIRST DECLENSION NOUNS
*mostly feminine
*listed in vocab like puella, puellae
Singular Plural
Nominative puella puellae
Genitive puellae puellarum
Dative puellae puellīs
Accusative puellam puellas
Ablative puellā puellīs
Vocative puella puellae
*if you can decline puella, you can decline ANY first declension noun that exists.
*Remember, to find your stem, take the genitive singular and drop the- ae ending.
*The macron (long mark) in the abl. sg. differentiates from nom. sg. And, in the pl. dat./abl., it differentiates from 3rd declension gen. sg.

4. SECOND DECLENSION MASCULINE NOUNS IN –US
These second declension nouns that end in –us are masculine nouns.
They are listed in the vocab as amicus, amici
Singular Plural
Nominative amicus amici
Genitive amici amicorum
Dative amico amicīs
Accusative amicum amicos
Ablative amico amicīs
Vocative amice amici
* If you can decline amicus, you can decline any noun that looks like it.
* To find the stem, go to the genitive singular and drop the -i

5. SECOND DECLENSION MASCULINE NOUNS IN –ER
*These are also masculine, but there are fewer of them
*they have the same endings as amicus does, but the nominative singular ends in –er
*they are listed in the vocab like ager, agri
Singular Plural
Nominative ager agri
Genitive agri agrorum
Dative agro agrīs
Accusative agrum agros
Ablative agro agrīs
Vocative ager agri
If you can decline ager, you can decline any noun like it.
To find the stem go to the genitive singular and drop the –i.

6. SECOND DECLENSION NEUTER NOUNS
These follow the neuter rule: nominative and accusative are the same, and the nominative and accusative plural end in –a
Aside from the neuter rule, they have the same endings as masculine 2nd declension nouns.
Listed in the vocab as periculum, periculi
Singular Plural
Nominative periculum pericula
Genitive periculi periculorum
Dative periculo periculīs
Accusative periculum pericula
Ablative periculo periculīs
Vocative periculum pericula
*If you can decline periculum, you can decline any noun like it.
*to find the stem, go to the genitive singular and drop the –i.

7. THIRD DECLENSION REMINDERS:
There are masculine, feminine and neuter nouns in third declension
Masculine and feminine third declension nouns have the same endings
Neuter third declension nouns have the same endings as masculine and feminine nouns, but they follow the neuter rule.
The ONLY way to tell if a noun is third declension is if you look at its genitive singular and it ends in –is.

8. THIRD DECLENSION MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS
*Remember, to find the STEM, you have to know the genitive singular. Go to it and drop the –is. The nominative singular WILL NOT HELP YOU AT ALL.
*rex, regis is masculine, but any feminine noun will have the same endings.
Singular Plural
Nominative rex reges
Genitive regis regum
Dative regi regibus
Accusative regem reges
Ablative rege regibus
Vocative rex* reges*
*the vocative is the same as the nominative. -x is not an ending for anything except nouns where the nominative singular ends in –x.

9. THIRD DECLENSION NEUTER NOUNS
These follow the neuter rule, but like all third declension nouns, you have to use the genitive singular to find the stem.
Singular Plural
Nominative tempus tempora
Genitive temporis temporum
Dative tempori temporibus
Accusative tempus tempora
Ablative tempore temporibus
Vocative tempus tempora
* Notice how the endings are the same as rex, regis except for the forms that are affected by the neuter rule.

10. NOTES ABOUT I-STEMS
*I-stem nouns ONLY occur in third declension and they appear in all three genders.
*There are three rules to know in order to determine whether a noun is an i- stem or not.
1. Parasyllabics—all this means is that the number of syllables in the nominative and genitive singular are the same. For example, how many syllables are in rex? One, right? And in regis? Two. The two forms rex and regis, do NOT have the same number of syllables, and therefore this noun is NOT an i-stem. What about hostis, hostis? What about civitas, civitatis? What about mare, maris? You just count the syllables.
2. Neuter nouns which have a nominative singular in –e, -al, or –ar. There are not many of these. In fact, mare, maris is probably the most common, or animal, animalis.
3. Stem in two consonants—these nouns, when you drop the –is of the genitive singular, have two consonants remaining. So, for example, if you take ars, artis and you drop the –is, you are left with art- and r, and t, are consonants. Also, for pons, pontis, you have pont- after you drop the – is and n and t are consonants.

11. WHAT DO I-STEMS DO?
well, really, they are just third declension nouns and share third declension endings.
Neuter i-stems still follow the neuter rule.
I-stems, however do a couple of weird things
If the i-stem is masculine or feminine, the genitive plural ending is –ium. Look above at the genitive pl. endings for rex and for tempus. See how they are just –um? I-stem genitive plurals end in –ium, regardless of gender.
If the i-stem is neuter, the –i- appears in a few more places. The ablative singular ends in –i and the nominative plural and accusative plural end in –ia instead of just –a. Of course, the genitive plural is still –ium.
Look below at the two i-stems I have declined for you. Then compare them to rex and tempus and see where the –i- appears. I have put it in a different color in the following slides.

12. MASCULINE AND FEMININE I-STEMS
The noun below is feminine, but a masculine i- stem would work the same way.
Singular Plural
Nominative ars artes
Genitive artis artium
Dative arti artibus
Accusative artem artes
Ablative arte artibus
Vocative ars artes
Notice that the ONLY difference between this noun and rex is the –i- in yellow above. That’s it.

13. These nouns have the –i- in more places.
NEUTER I-STEM NOUNS
These nouns have the –i- in more places.
Compare this one below to tempus.
Singular Plural
Nominative mare maria
Genitive maris marium
Dative mari maribus
Accusative mare maria
Ablative mari/e * maribus
Vocative mare maria
Some people use mari for the ablative singular, some use mare.
The only difference between the endings of this noun and a non i-stem third declension are in yellow above.