1. WHAT IS FASTER THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT?
NOTHING!!!!

2. Electromagnetic Radiation
Any wave of energy traveling at a speed of ___________ is called electromagnetic radiation. It is a form of energy produced by
___________________________________
There are many types of electromagnetic radiation and each type has a different _______________ and _______________.
Here are the types of electromagnetic radiation from longest to shortest wave or lowest to highest frequency. These are also in order from lowest to highest energy.
light
Oscillating electric or magnetic waves
frequency
wavelength

3. Electromagnetic Radiation
Unlike other kinds of energy, electromagnetic radiation can travel through _____________________
SPACE!!!!

4. Electromagnetic Radiation
(1) Radio Waves -- used in __________________
(2) Microwaves-- broadcasts TV signals and used to _____ _______.
(3) Infrared (IR) -- we feel this as _____; _________ & ______ can “see” this.
communications
cook food
heat
Snakes
owls
infrared image of a cat
infrared image of heating pipes under a floor

5. Infrared Vision

6. Electromagnetic Radiation
(4) Visible Light -- the only radiation we can detect with our eyes. It can be separated into the colors of the spectrum with a __________.
ROYGBIV
(5) Ultraviolet (UV) -- gives you a _____________; _________ can “see” this; some of this radiation from the sun gets blocked by the ___________ layer
prism
sunburn
Bees
ozone
flower photo under normal light
flower photo under UV light

7. Electromagnetic Radiation
(6) X-rays -- used in medicine
Ouch!

8. Electromagnetic Radiation
(7) Gamma Rays-- some radioactive substances give it off. Gamma rays kill living cells.
Interesting superhero facts:
Superman has x-ray vision.
The Incredible Hulk was “created” by an accidental overdose of gamma radiation.
The Fantastic Four were “created” by cosmic rays.

9. How Light is Produced
When atoms get hit with energy (by _____________ them with electricity or by ____________ them up), the electrons absorb this energy and __________ to a higher energy level. Figure (a)
As they immediately fall back down to the “____________ state”, they give off this energy in the form of a particle of ___________ (or other types of electromagnetic radiation) called a _____________ (quanta of light. Figure (b)
zapping
heating
jump
ground
light
photon

10. How Light is Produced
Each photon emitted has a specific ___________ (or frequency).
The color of the light that is given off depends on how _____ the electron _______ (which depends on how big of a jump it originally made.) The farther the fall, the ___________ energy the photon has.
color
far
fell
greater

11. How Light is Produced energy
Since electrons are located only in certain __________ levels (or orbitals) around the nucleus, only certain specific _________ of light are emitted.
Scientists use a _________________ to separate these colors into bands of light. These bands of color look like a ______ code of color which is characteristic of that element. No two elements produce the same ______________ of colors. This can be used to distinguish one element from another contained in a sample. (See Fig )
color
spectroscope
bar
spectrum

12. Emission Spectrum
Hydrogen Spectrum
Neon Spectrum

13. Get Ready for Your Flame Test Lab
Photographs of flame tests of burning wooden splints soaked in different salts.
This technique is called emission spectroscopy.
methane gas
wooden splint
sodium ion
calcium ion
copper ion
strontium ion 13

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15. Flame Tests for Certain Metals
BORAX BEAD TESTS FOR CERTAIN METALS
(All beads formed in the oxidizing flame) 15

16. Fireworks 16

17. Fireworks The chemistry of fireworks
– Colors of fireworks due to atomic emission spectra
– A typical shell used in a fireworks display contains gunpowder to propel the shell into the air and a fuse to initiate a variety of redox reactions that produce heat and small explosions
– Thermal energy excites the atoms to higher energy states, and as they decay to lower energy states, the atoms emit light that gives the familiar colors
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. 17

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.18

19. Common chemicals used in the manufacture of fireworks
Oxidizers Fuels (Reductants) Special Effects
Ammonium perchlorate aluminum Blue flame: copper carbonate, copper sulfate, or copper oxide
Barium chlorate antimony sulfide Red flame: strontium nitrate or strontium carbonate
Barium nitrate charcoal White flame: magnesium or aluminum
Potassium chlorate magnesium Yellow flame: sodium oxalate or cryolite (Na3AlF6)
Potassium nitrate sulfur Green flame: barium nitrate or barium chlorate
Potassium perchlorate titanium White smoke: potassium nitrate plus sulfur
Strontium nitrate Colored smoke: potassium chlorate and sulfur, plus organic dye
Whistling noise: potassium benzoate or sodium salicylate
White sparks: aluminum, magnesium, or titanium
Gold sparks: iron filings or charcoal
Almost any combination of an oxidizer and a fuel may be used along with the compounds needed to produce a desired special effect.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. 19