1. Chan M. Hellman – ASSOCIATE DEAN
HOPE AND STRENGTH OF CHARACTER AMONG CHILDREN EXPOSED TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Chan M. Hellman – ASSOCIATE DEAN

2. HOPE THEORY
Hope requires the ability to create credible mental strategies (pathways) to achieve the goal and the ability to direct and maintain mental energy (agency) to these pursuits.
Pathways Thinking = Way power or mental roadmaps to goal attainment.
Agency Thinking = Willpower that one can direct and sustain toward goal pursuits.
Hope = Pathways + Agency.

3. EXPECTATION FOR GOAL ATTAINMENT
HOPE THEORY
Will Power
(Agency)
Way Power
(Pathways)
EXPECTATION FOR GOAL ATTAINMENT
Both pathways and agency are required for hope…agency without pathways is more likely a wish!

4. THE BENEFITS OF HOPE HOPEFUL CHILDREN: Improved social behaviors.
Increased self-control.
Serves as a coping resource against stress.
Lower depression and anxiety.
Improved problems solving.
Higher academic achievement.
Hopeful children experience improved social, psychological, and physical well-being.

5. Low hope children recognize their deficiency
THE LOSS OF HOPE
Low hope children recognize their deficiency
in pathways and agency.
Lack sense of long term goals.
Feel blocked from their goals.
Approach goals with negative emotion and focus on failure.
Higher negative affect.
Higher anxiety and depression.
Lower self-esteem.
Lower problem solving skills.
Higher likelihood of externalizing negative behaviors.

6. What is the opposite of hope?
THE LOSS OF HOPE
What is the opposite of hope?

7. THE LOSS OF HOPE HOPE RAGE DESPAIR APATHY
Goal is significantly blocked.
DESPAIR
Unable to adjust goal. Pathways are unavailable.
APATHY
(Hopeless)
Loss of Motivation
Repeated failures at goals result in a general expectation that future goal attainment is not likely – “Why try?”

8. Children Exposed to Domestic Violence
Estimated 10 million children are exposed to domestic violence.
Meta-analytic studies find these children are at increased risk for emotional, social, and behavior difficulties.
Additional stress associated with trauma of repeated separations, child custody battles, and family isolation.
These children report:
Increased anxiety and depression.
Increased aggression and violence.
Increased criminal behavior.

9. Children Exposed to Domestic Violence
229 Children from 7 FJCs Across California:
Matched Comparison Design (96.2%):
Pre Camp, Post Camp, Follow-Up (Camper Self-Report)
Pre Camp, Post Camp Adult Observation
Average Age = 10.8 (SD = 2.57) years.
48.7% Males.
229 Adult Observations Matched to Camper Self-Report.

10. CAMP HOPE CALIFORNIA
The Average Number of ACE = 5.51

11. THE POWER OF HOPE

12. Children Exposed to Domestic Violence
Increase in child’s hope was associated with adult observations.
Higher energy level (zest).
Perseverance toward goals (grit).
Ability to self-regulate emotions and behaviors (self-control).
Expecting the future to hold positive possibilities (optimism).
Appreciation toward others (gratitude).
Motivation to seek out new potentials (curiosity).
Awareness of the feelings/motivations of others (social intelligence).
Increases in a child’s hope were associated with adult observations of behaviors associated with positive character development.

13. Creating Future Memories of Success
NURTURING HOPE
HOPE
Creating Future Memories of Success
Progress Reinforces Pathway/Agency Relationship
Viable Pathways
Barriers are Considered and Pathways Adjusted
Goal Setting
Clarifying Goals Increases Agency

14. THE POWER OF HOPE