1. Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model
FRBROO
Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model
TPDL 2011
Martin Doerr
Center for Cultural Informatics
Institute of Computer Science
Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas
Berlin, Germany
September 25, 2011

2. Outline Outline: Logic of integrating library and museum information
The CRM-FRBR Harmonization Project
Interpretation of FRBR Group-1 entities
A process view of intellectual content creation
Container Work and incorporation
Identifier creation
Conclusions

3. Library and Museum Information
Libraries and museums have complementary roles:
Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it.
Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by museum objects.
Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature.
Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do.
Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information
There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information.
DC is a good format, but often too simple. MARC is detailed, but used only by libraries. There are the models of FRBR, FRAD, FRSAD, CIDOC CRM.

4. Epistemology of Integration
Libraries
Museums
publish
document
features & context
provide finding aids
illustrate,
exemplify
using
refer to
Books
Objects, Sites
contain narratives
made from
are about
document
manage
provide
finding aids
Archives
SMRs
primary Documents

5. The “Harmonization” Project
of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:
A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.
To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.
Reengineering from FRBR text as empirical base, and adaptation of CRM to cover new higher-level abstractions emerging from FRBR ontological interpretation
Produced in 2009 FRBROO
Work is continuing with FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data) and FRSAD (Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data)

6. CRM The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) Innovations:
a core ontology initially aiming at integrating cultural heritage information
existing documentation
Innovations:
centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time.
explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified.
typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the cultural-historical discourse.
Lacks: a model of intellectual work

7. FRBR The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)
developed by IFLA (now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for (Subject) Authority Data (FRAD/FRSAD)
A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation : 4+6 Entities, 97 attributes, 34 relationships
Based on new requirement to make derivation/intellectual relations/equivalences accessible to bibliographic access/search?
Might result in a new library practice
Innovations:
Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item (precise distinctions debated for many years).
Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.
Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind.

8. FRBR : Abstraction Levels
has part
“a distinct intellectual or artistic creation…
there is no single material object
one can point to as the work...”
has a complement
has a successor
has a summary
has a supplement
has a transformation
has adaptation
has an imitation
Work
is realized through
(is a realization of)
has part
“the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the
form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic
notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc”
Expression
has a complement
has a successor
has a summary
has a supplement
has a transformation
has adaptation
has an imitation
is embodied in
(is the embodiment of )
“the physical embodiment of an expression of a
work…all the physical objects that bear the same
characteristics…
…may be only a single physical exemplar…”
has part
Manifestation
is exemplified by
(exemplifies )
has part
“a single exemplar of a manifestation...”
Item

9. Conception of FRBROO
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is an ontology of
a material and phenomenological view of the past in terms of discrete things and processes in a human-centric, mesoscopic scale
It provides an explanation of concepts and statements appearing in documentation, not a theory of the world
example: we need not decide whether an object carries information or not, we need to decide what it means that someone says it carries this particular information….
As long as memory institutions and researchers document things without explicit representation of things like “zeitgeist” and telepathy, intellectual relations are mediated by material processes only.
This phenomenological view constrains intellectual content, processes and communication.
Therefore the CRM view is in principle suited as superontology for FRBROO

10. Conception of FRBROO Scope of FRBROO: Innovations:
processes creating and mediating content,
evidence of content,
inferred abstraction of content (expression => work!)
Innovations:
Theory of identifying immaterial objects
Connecting material and intellectual production (“externalization”)
Explicating the publication work (publishing houses, graphics designers, illustrators)
Coherent theory of performances, content and recordings
A new intellectual content relationship: “incorporation” !
Adaptation of CRM:
(Information Object => Propositional /Symbolic divide)
Identifier definition & construction (librarians have the best models of identifiers!)

11. Interpretation of Work / Expression Concepts
The substance of Work is propositions (the “ideas”). Only through the comprehension of the propositions is derivation possible!
Individual Work: A self-contained set of concepts (“completed”)
Complex Work: Coherent set of Individual Works
Continuation (possibly by others), derivatives,
complements, alternatives, translations!
The substance of Expression is signs (the “text”).
The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression depend on the function.
Self-Contained Expression: Evidence of Individual Work
“Complete” – either according to the author or unfinished.
Expression Fragment: Any piece, in relation to the whole.
E89 Propositional Object
R2 is derivative of
(has derivative)
R1 is logical successor of
(has successor)
F1 Work
R10 has member
(is member of)
F15 Complex Work
F14 Individual Work
E73 Information Object
R3 is realized in
(realizes)
R14 incorporates
(is incorporated in)
F2 Expression
R5 has component
(is component of)
F22 Self Contained Expression
R15 has fragment (is fragment of)
F23 Expression Fragment

12. Clarification of Manifestation Concepts
Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication)
Note the polysemy of an industrial product type and the information content which is part of its features!
An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type
A Manifestation Singleton is an “original”. It may be a feature (e.g. inscription)
E55 Type
F2 Expression
R4 comprises
carriers of
F3 Manifestation Product Type
immaterial
P128 carries
(is carried by)
E84 Information Carrier
E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff
R7 is example of
(has example)
Manifestation
Singleton
Item
material

13. Manifestation Product Type - a Metaclass !
E55 Type
Metaclasses
E19 Physical Object
F3 Manifestation Product Type
R7 is example of
(has example)
instances
F5 Item
CLP57 should have number of parts
Inherits from E19 Physical Object:
P57 has number of parts
ISBN:
P57 has number of parts
E60 Number
Items are seen as instances of a
particular Manifestation Product Type.
This is simulated by property R7
CPL57 should have number of parts
“R7 is example of” = instances
Individual copies 1 2 3 … n 2
particulars
P57 has number of parts

14. The Process View: “Externalization”
F1 Work
R16 initiated
(was initiated by)
F27 Work Conception
P4 has time-span
(is time-span of)
E52 Time
P14 carried out by
(performed)
P7…
E39 Actor
P4…
P14 carried out by
(performed)
F28 Expression Creation
P7 took place at
(witnessed)
E53 Place
R19 created a realisation of
(was realised through)
R17 created
(was created by)
R18 created
(was created by)
F2 Expression
F4 Manifestation Singleton
Work elaboration
Work conception
Expression creation
time
produces a work
produces an idea
Produces (simultaneously) an
Expression and a Manifestation-Singleton

15. The Externalization A Causal Interpretation of FRBR E65 Creation E12
Production
E28
Conceptual
Object
F28 Expression
Creation
F3 Manifestation
Production Type
F32 Carrier
Production
Event
R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of)
R19 created a realization of
(was realised through)
R28 produced
(was produced by)
R17 created
(was created by)
E24
Physical
Man-Made
Thing
F1 Work
E84
Information
Carrier
F2 Expression
R18 created (was created by)
R7 is example of (has example)
R9 is realised in (realises)
F15 Complex
Work
F14 Individual
Work
F22 Self Contained
Expression
F23 Expression
Fragment
F4 Manifestation
Singleton
F5 Item

16. The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work - An Identity Crisis
F15 Complex Work
F19 Publication Work
Publisher’s Level
“Oliver Twist” Ideas
“Oliver Twist” Publication Concept
R10 has member
(is member of)
R23 created a realization of (was realized through)
R3 is realized in
(realises)
F14 Individual Work
“Oliver Twist” Version
F30 Publication Event
“Oliver Twist” published!
R3 is realized in
(realises)
R24 created
(was created through)
R14 incorporates
(is incorporated in)
F24 Publication Expression
F22 Self-Contained Expression
“Oliver Twist”
Publication content
“Oliver Twist” Text
CLR6 should carry
(should be carried by)
P128 carries
(is carried by)
R27 used as source material
(was used by)
Author’s Level
F3 Manifestation-Product Type
“Oliver Twist” Publication
R7 is example of
(has example)
R26 produced things of type
(was produced by)
F4 Manifestation Singleton
“Oliver Twist” Manuscript
F32 Carrier Production Event
F5 Item
R28 produced
(was produced by
“Oliver Twist” 20th Book
“Oliver Twist”
Printing

17. Creation View: A Design Pattern
Identifiable Forms of immaterial objects
Physical Objects
Activities
Conceptual Objects
F27 Work Conception
R16 initiated
(was initiated by)
F1 Work
R19 created a realisation of
(was realised through)
R3 is realised in (realises)
F4 Manifestation Singleton
R18 created (was created by)
F28 Expression Creation
R17 created
(was created by)
F2 Expression
R14 incorporates
(is incorporated in)
R16 initiated
(was initiated by)
F27 Work Conception
F19 Publication Work
R23 created a realisation of
(was realised through)
R3 is realised in (realises)
P16 used specific object (was used for)
F24 Publication Expression
F30 Publication Event
R24 created
(was created by)
F3 Manifestation Product Type
R26 produced things of type
(was produced by)
CLR6 should carry (should be carried by)
R28 produced (was produced by)
F5 Item
F32 Carrier Production Event
R27 used as source material (was used by)
R29 reproduced (was reproduced by)
E84 Information Carrier
F33 Reproduction Event
R30 produced (was produced by)

18. Equivalence Physical - Electronic Publishing
Physical Publishing
F30 Publication Event
P94 has created (was created by)
R24 created
(was created through)
E29 Design or Procedure
CLR6 should carry
(should be carried by)
F24 Publication Expression
F3 Manifestation-Product Type
makes accessible:
“how to produce”
R27B was used by
(used as source material)
R7 is example of
(has example)
P16 used specific object (was used for)
R26 produced things of type
(was produced by)
R6 carries
(is carried by)
R28 produced
(was produced by)
“Result of an industrial process”
F32 Carrier Production Event
F5 Item
Electronic Publishing
F30 Publication Event
P94 has created (was created by)
R24 created
(was created through)
E29 Design or Procedure
F24 Publication Expression
makes accessible:
“how to download”
R27B was used by
(used as source material)
R6 carries
(is carried by)
P16 used specific object (was used for)
R28 produced
(was produced by)
“copy on local
carrier”
F32 Carrier Production Event
F5 Item

19. F22 Self-Contained Expression
Performing Arts : An “Added Value” Chain
F15 Complex Work
“Henry IV ” Idea
R10 has member
(is member of)
R10 has member
(is member of)
F16 Container Work
R10 has member
(is member of)
F15 Complex Work
“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea
F15 Complex Work
“Henry IV part 2 ” Idea
F21 Recording Work
“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea of
recording
F20 Performance Work
“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea of
mise-en-scene
R2 is derivative of (has derivative)
F15 Complex Work
“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea
Adaptation
R22 realised
(was realised through)
R19 created a realisation of
(was realised through)
F29 Recording Event
Recording Performance 25/12/07 action
R19 created a realisation of
(was realised through)
F28 Expression Creation
Adaptation of Henry IV part 1 action
F28 Expression Creation
Henry IV part 1 mise-en-scene action
R20 recorded
(was recorded though)
F31 Performance
Performance 25/12/07 action
R13 is realised in (realises)
R12 is realised in (realises)
R9 is realised in (realises)
R21 created
(was created by)
R17 created
(was created by)
R17 created
(was created by)
R25 performed (was performed in)
F25 Performance Plan
Henry IV part 1 “mise-en-scène” guidelines
F26 Recording
Henry IV part 1 Play 25/12/07 DVD
F22 Self-Contained Expression
Henry IV part 1 Adaptation Text
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)

20. Performance View: A Design Pattern
Activities
Conceptual Objects
identifiable forms of immaterial objects
Physical Objects
P16 used specific object (was used for)
F2 Expression
F20 Performance Work
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
Participants may write
up other memories
R19 created a realisation of
(was realised through)
R12 is realised in (realises)
R17 created
(was created by)
F25 Performance Plan
F28 Expression Creation
E39 Actors
P11 had participant (participated in)
R25 performed
(was performed in)
F31 Performance
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
P7 took place at (witnessed)
R20 recorded
(was recorded though)
E53 Place
F21 Recording Work
COLLOCATION!
P7 took place at (witnessed)
R13 is realised in (realises)
R22 realised
(was realised through)
F4 Manifestation Singleton
R18 created (was created by)
F29 Recording Event
R21 created
(was created by)
F26 Recording
(performances may
not be recorded)
P128 carries (is carried by)

21. Container Work Example: A Journal Volume
F18 Serial Work
“ERCIM News ”
F16 Container Work
R10 has member
(is member of)
F19 Publication Work
“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”
F17 Aggregation Work
“Special Theme ”
F14 Individual Work
“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”
R19 created a realisation of
(was realised through)
R19 created a realisation of
(was realised through)
R19 created a realisation of
(was realised through)
F28 Expression Creation
“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”
R3 is realised in
(realises)
F28 Expression Creation
“Special Theme ”
R3 is realised in
(realises)
F28 Expression Creation
“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”
R3 is realised in
(realises)
R17 created
(was created by)
R17 created
(was created by)
R17 created
(was created by)
F22 Self-Contained Expression
“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
F22 Self-Contained Expression
Special Theme Text
F22 Self-Contained Expression
project1 Text
P148 has component (is component of)
F22 Self-Contained Expression
editorial Text
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
F22 Self-Contained Expression
project2 Text
…………….
F22 Self-Contained Expression
project3 Text

22. Container Work and Incorporation
The collected expressions
are integral part of the containing expression
The works of the collected expressions
do not become part of the container work
Work X
Work Y
F16 Container Work
R3 is realised in
(realises)
R3 is realised in
(realises)
R3 is realised in
(realises)
Overall Expression
P148 has component (is component of)
Expression of Work X
R14 is incorporated in
<Additional Expr.>
Expression of Work X
R14 is incorporated in
Expression of Work Y
Expression of Work Y

23. Specializations of Work and Expression
F21 Recording Work
F15 Complex Work
F18 Serial Work
F1 Work
F19 Publication Work
F16 Container Work
F20 Performance Work
E89 Propositional Object
F14 Individual Work
F17 Aggregation Work
E29 Design or Procedure
F25 Performance Plan
E73 Information Object
F22 Self-Contained Expression
F2 Expression
F26 Recording
F23 Expression Fragment
E90 Symbolic Object
F24 Publication Expression
E41 Appellation
F12 Name
E42 Identifier
F13 Identifier

24. Improving CRM: Identifier Assignment
P1 is identified by (identifies)
E1 CRM Entity
P14 carried out by
(performed)
E39 Actor
E7 Activity
P106 is composed of
(forms part of)
P33 used specific technique
(was used by)
E29 Design or Procedure
R52 used rule
(was the rule used in
F43 Identifier Rule
E90 Symbolic Object
E13 Attribute Assignment
P140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by)
P142 used constituent (was used in)
R47 used constituent (was used in)
E41 Appellation
F12 Name
P37 assigned (was assigned by)
R46 assigned (was assigned by)
R45 assigned to (was assigned by)
E15 Identifier Assignment
F40 Identifier Assignment
E42 Identifier
F13 Identifier
R8 consists of
(forms part of)
property
Adaptations of the CRM
P38 deassigned (was deassigned by)
Generalization 24

25. How to identify an Expression, a Work?
R53 assigned
(was assigned by)
E39 Actor
E13 Attribute Assignment
F3 Manifestation
Product Type
F4 Manifestation-Singleton
R49 assigned
(was assigned by)
R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of)
F41 Representative
Manifestation Assignment
R41 has representative
manifestation product type
(is representative manifestation
product type for)
R42 is representative manifestation singleton for (has representative manifestation-singleton)
R43 carried out by
(performed)
R48 assigned to
(was assigned by)
F44 Bibliographic Agency
F2 Expression
R51 assigned
(was assigned by)
R15 is fragment of
(has fragment)
R44 carried out by
(performed)
F22 Self-Contained
Expression
F23 Expression
Fragment
F42 Representative
Expression Assignment
R3 is realised in (realises)
R50 assign to
(was assigned by)
R40 has representative expression
(is representative expression of)
F1 Work
F15 Complex Work
R10 has member (is member of)

26. Summary of new Activity Concepts
F31 Performance
F42 Representative Expression Assignment
E13 Attribute Assignment
F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment
E15 Identifier Assignment
E7 Activity
E11 Modification
F40 Identifier Assignment
E5 Event
F33 Carrier production Event
E12 Production
F32 Reproduction Event
F29 Recording Event
E63 Beginning of Existence
F28 Expression Creation
F30 Publication Event
F27 Work Conception
E65 Creation
E83 Type Creation

27. The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary
Applications:
Introduces FRBR to Europeana (extremely light-weighted!!)
European Projects
CASPAR
3D-COFORM\
and others…..
Links:

28. The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions
The combined model CRM – FRBROO:
Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization
On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse.
On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM.
clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR
Further work:
Integrating conceptualization of FRAD (Authority Data), FRSAD (subjects)