1. Sleep & Dreams Ch. 5 (Pgs. 130-144 for reference)
Haddam-Killingworth High School
Fall 2015

2. Consciousness
The awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment
Waking consciousness
Active vs. passive
Altered states of consciousness
Sleep/dreaming
Drug-induced
Early psychologists argued that consciousness should be a topic for philosophy, not psychology. Why?
Waking consciousness (active): you are wide awake/alert
Waking consciousness (passive): you are daydreaming, not alert, etc.
Early psychologists felt that they could not delve into the inner workings of the brain. Now, we have access to advanced brain imagery that can give us a physical look.

3. Preliminary Sleep Quiz: True/False?
Some people never dream.
Most dreams are caused by bodily sensations such as an upset stomach.
It has been proven that people need eight hours of sleep to maintain mental health.
When people do not recall their dreams, it is probably because they are secretly trying to forget them.
Depriving someone of sleep will invariably cause the individual to become mentally imbalanced.
If we lose some sleep, we will eventually make up all the lost sleep the next night or another night.
No one has been able to go for more than 48 hours without sleep.
Everyone is able to sleep and breathe at the same time.
Sleep enables the brain to rest, because little brain activity takes place during sleep.
Drugs have been proven to provide a long-term cure for sleeping difficulties.
They are all False!

4. Sleep Profile
Respond honestly to the questions on the sleep profile (just the front side of the worksheet).
Be prepared to discuss your responses.

5. The Stages of Sleep
An Electroencephalogram or EEG measures electrical activity within the brain.
First cycle = 90-minutes
2nd – 4th cycle = ~110 minutes
Each cycle:
Four stages of NREM sleep
A fifth stage of REM sleep

6. Stages of Sleep (Use Provided Sheet)
The stage of transition between wakefulness and sleep that is characterized by relatively rapid, low voltage brain waves
Stage 2
Characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern and momentary interruptions of sharply pointed spiky waves called sleep spindles

7. Stages of Sleep Stage 3 Stage 4
Waves become slower, with higher peaks and lower valleys in the wave pattern
Stage 4
Waves are even slower and more regular, and people are least responsive to outside stimulation

8. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
Unique moment of sleep that occurs as you re-enter Stage 1 (but not the first Stage 1 experience of the night) and involves eyes fluttering underneath eyelids
Usual moment for dreams—which EVERYONE has
Psychologists think REM is very important. What kind of experiment could prove this?

9. REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep
Sleep that occupies a little over 20% of adult’s sleeping time and is characterized by
Rapid eye movement
Increased and irregular heart rate
Increase in blood pressure
Increase in breathing rate
Erections in males
Usually accompanied by dreams
Person’s body is typically “paralyzed”
Why is REM Sleep called the “Paradox of Sleep?”
Paradox: technically light sleep—most like being awake—but hardest to wake up during this time

10. REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep
Paradox of sleeep

11. One Sleep Cycle: ~90-120 Minutes

12. Create your own Hypnogram…
NREM stage 1: This is a stage between sleep and wakefulness. The muscles are active, and the eyes roll slowly, opening and closing moderately.
NREM stage 2: In this stage, theta activity is observed and sleepers become gradually harder to awaken; the alpha waves of the previous stage are interrupted by abrupt activity called sleep spindles and K-complexes.[9]
NREM stage 3: Formerly divided into stages 3 and 4, this stage is called slow-wave sleep (SWS). SWS is initiated in the preoptic area and consists of delta activity, high amplitude waves at less than 3.5 Hz. The sleeper is less responsive to the environment; many environmental stimuli no longer produce any reactions.
REM: The sleeper now enters rapid eye movement (REM) where most muscles are paralyzed. REM sleep is turned on by acetylcholine secretion and is inhibited by neurons that secrete serotonin. This level is also referred to as paradoxical sleep because the sleeper, although exhibiting EEG waves similar to a waking state, is harder to arouse than at any other sleep stage. Vital signs indicate arousal and oxygen consumption by the brain is higher than when the sleeper is awake.[10] An adult reaches REM approximately every 90 minutes, with the latter half of sleep being more dominated by this stage. REM sleep occurs as a person returns to stage 1 from a deep sleep.[7] The function of REM sleep is uncertain but a lack of it will impair the ability to learn complex tasks. One approach to understanding the role of sleep is to study the deprivation of it.[11] During this period, the EEG pattern returns to high frequency waves which look similar to the waves produced while the person is awake [9]

13. Sleep Debt Score: Take the Survey
4 or fewer: Student gets adequate sleep.
5 or 6: Most days, the student gets adequate sleep. Some days a person’s sleeps account may be a bit short, and this may mean that performance is less than 100% on certain activities.
7 or 8: There is evidence of a sleep debt that may cause noticeable reductions in work efficiency.
9-11: Definitely, a large sleep debt exists. The person’s work is likely to suffer from large, random errors, and even small errors may be missed when the work is reviewed a second time.
12-14: In addition to experiencing the same symptoms as those who score in the 9-11 range, the person’s general quality of life suffers. Perhaps the person is less interested in things formerly found to be fascinating and is less inclined to spend time socializing. The person may also be a bit accident-prone and subject to temporary memory deficits such as momentarily forgetting his or her address or phone number.
15 or above: Sleep debt is a major problem. Levels of sleepiness are in the range often found in people with clinical levels of sleep disturbance – for example, those with sleep apnea or severe insomnia. The person should increase the amount of sleep he or she gets and should seek professional help if this does not bring scores back below 7.
Data suggest that when all time cues are removed, people tend to sleep for 9 to 10 hours a night.

14. Sleep Deprivation Short-term complications:
Weary/irritable
Lack of concentration
Loss of creativity
Decline in logical reasoning ability
Takes a few days to “recover”
Traditional wisdom was that there were no long-term complications but recent research has proven that to be untrue.

15. The Brain’s “Glymphatic” System
Read/underline/annotate the NY Times article, “Goodnight. Sleep Clean.”
List the three (3) most important points made in the article.

16. The Function and Meaning of Dreams
Freud: Unconscious wish fulfillment theory
Manifest content: overt story of the dream
Latent content: the actual, buried wish/truth of the dream
Get with a partner and analyze your recent dreams for manifest and latent content.
Dreams-for-survival theory
Permit critical information (ex. motor skills) to be reconsidered
Activation-synthesis theory
Random electrical energy produced during REM sleep; stimulates memories, so we try to make sense of it; putting together a puzzle
What are some important takeaways here?
Modern psychologists take a more literal approach—taking an exam in your underwear = fear about exam

17. Sleep Disturbances Insomnia—difficulty sleeping Sleep apnea Narcolepsy
25% of Americans struggle with it
Sleep apnea
Difficulty breathing while sleeping
SIDS—sudden infant death syndrome
Narcolepsy
Uncontrollable sleeping that occurs for short periods while awake
Fall directly to REM sleep
Sleepwalking/sleeptalking
Both occur during Stage 4, usually harmless

18. Circadian Rhythms Biological processes that occur on a ~24-hour cycle
We react to relative light and darkness
Seasonal affective disorder
Depression in the winter/shorter days/less sunlight

20. Tips for Sleeping Better
Exercise during the day (at least six hours before bedtime) and avoid naps
Choose a regular bedtime; set a night alarm
Don’t use your bed as an all-purpose area
Avoid drinks with caffeine after lunch
Drink milk at bedtime (Tryptophan)
Avoid sleeping pills
Try NOT to sleep. Eventually, you’ll get tired…
What seems to help YOU fall asleep?

21. National Sleep Foundation, 2015

22. Sleep Video: Crash Course
Take notes as you watch the video.
Formulate one question that you still have about sleep.

23. Dream analysis activity
Use direction sheets
Today: write down dream, explain to partner.
Partner analyzes using key ideas.
Class 2: return your analysis and discuss. Then, fill out evaluation sheet.
Due by Monday next week.

24. Jeopardy Review
In each of your groups, create a Jeopardy template for sleep.