1. The FALL OF GRANADA, 1492
IBWH

2. Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand Consolidated their Power
Created image of the “Catholic Kings”
Working together for the good of their people
Had the intention of someday reclaiming Granada as part of Christendom and creating a unified Spain

3. Abu al-Hasan Rose to Power in 1474
Built up Muslim military
He was described by one of his own countrymen as “magnanimous and valiant, a lover of wars, and the dangers and horrors of them.”

4. Abu al-Hasan His strategy was to instill fear in neighboring lands
Raided other territories, and took captives
Saw Isabella’s rise to power as a sign of Christian vulnerability

5. In 1481, Abu al- Hasan
And his troops invaded and attacked the town of Zahara in the Castillian territory
He took possession of the town

6. Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand
reclaiming Granada as part of Christendom
Became a priority after 1481
They began to strategize…

7. February 27, 1482 But before sovereigns completed their plan attack
Two nobles took matter into their own hands and invaded the Islamic town of Alhama with their armies
“The city’s walls, streets, and temples were left filled with corpses and bathed in blood” – Arab historian

8. 1483 King Ferdinand Took to the Battlefield
He captured Abu – al Hasan’s son, Boabdil
Ferdinand treated Boabdil with respect during his capture which surprised many
Boabdil’s Mother sent a” great treasure” in ransom money to Ferdinand

9. The Ransom of Boabdil
Isabella & Ferdinand made Boabdil promise that he would pay tribute to them yearly
He also agreed to free 300 Christian captives
Muslim territory fell into civil war between al- Hasan, El Zagal (uncle of Boabdil) and Boabdil fighting for power

10. The Invasion of Malaga, 1487
Ferdinand and Isabella targeted the seaport city and fortress of Malaga
Since city refused to surrender,
Tight blockade and siege was ordered by Isabella & Ferdinand to starve inhabitants into submission

11. The Invasion of Malaga, 1487 Siege lasted three months
Surviving inhabitants of Malaga became property of the King & Queen
4,000 Muslims sold into slavery
Jews paid a ransom to King & Queen in order to avoid Slavery
Women slaves given to Christian noble women
The Pope was given 100 slaves

12. The Invasion of Malaga, 1487 Mosques were turned into Churches
With the collapse of Malaga, western Granada now belonged to the Castillians

13. The Final Conquest of Granada, 1492
The war over Granada lasted 10 years
Goal:
1. to expand their kingdom by adding the whole kingdom of Granada to their Realm
2. to expel Muslims and create a unified Christian nation

14. The Taking of Alhambra Palace, 1492
Boabdil (now in leadership position) ceremoniously handed the keys to the city to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand
As they entered the Alhambra Palace, Boabdil departed over a bridge now remembered as the “bridge of sighs.”

15. The Fall of Granada, 1492 – From the Spanish T.V. Series “Isabel”w
The taking of the Alhambra Palace by Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand in 1492

16. Statue of Queen Isabella Entering Granada, 1492

17. Christian Slaves
7,000 Christian slaves were “rescued” by the King & Queen and their troops
They had been imprisoned in caves

18. Christian Slaves Isabella asked a former slave,
“What would you have thought un the first year of your captivity if you had been told that Jesus Christ had not been born your redeemer?”
The Man answered, “I would have died from the pain.”

19. Christian Slaves
However, 9 slaves who were originally Christian had converted to Islam during their imprisonment.
They were accused of heresy for turning away from their Catholic faith and were burned at the stake.

20. The Significance of The Spanish Victory
The 1st significant triumph against Islam in hundreds of years.
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand were automatically perceived as “powerful” by other monarchs in Europe.
Isabella & Ferdinand commissioned artists to memorialize the war and victory in art

21. The Royal Chapel of Granada
Wood Carvings by Rodrigo Aleman

22. The Aftermath…
Muslims were forced to emigrate and replaced by Christian settlers
Were given option to convert to Christianity
Muslims were told they could “keep their faith”, but were forbidden to make converts, give a call to prayer, or go on pilgrimage.

23. The Edict of Expulsion of Jews
Forced to choose between conversion to Christianity and expulsion
About 250,000 Jews in Spain at the time
About half chose to leave “ Jewish Diaspora”
Descendents are known as “Sephardic Jews”

24. “The Expulsion from Spain”, 1492
jews-spain1.asp
The following account gives a detailed and accurate picture of the expulsion and its immediate consequences for Spanish Jewry. It was written in Hebrew by an Italian Jew in April or May, 1495.
1. Read & Discuss
2. Your thoughts on the document
3. Values?
4. Limitations?

25. Spanish Citizenship offered to Sephardic Jews, 2014
“Sephardic Jews Eye a return to Spain,” Euro News

26. The Spanish Inquisition
Purpose: to Investigate those who went against church doctrine
Rationale: Opposing religious doctrine was synonymous to defiance of political authority
Victims: Conversos, converted Muslims, Protestants, homosexuals, those who left spouses and tried to marry again, those disliked by community members.

27. Social Surveillance Encouraged
Informants were encouraged to identify people “whose seemingly innocent habits might reflect an insincere commitment to Christianity.”
People believed strong, fearful monarchy eliminated social discord

28. Social Surveillance Encouraged
Suspicious activities:
Not eating pork,
Wearing clean clothes on the Jewish Sabbath or lighting candles on Jewish holidays
Saying/Interpreting doctrine in a way that deviated from accepted understanding

29. The Experience of Accused Heretics in Spain
The accused were investigated, arrested, sometimes tortured until they confessed
If they were set free and relapsed, or if heresies were persistent, church officials would turn them over to government officials who would then sentence them to death.

30. Isabella’s Perspective
The inquisition unified Spain and allowed it to quell religious dissension.
Established a reign of fear so that rivals would think twice about overthrowing monarchs

31. And then… SPAN BECAME EVEN MORE POWERFUL…
WHEN IN 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue (To be continued in Chapter 14).