1. Warm Up: Suffrage Amendments
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied …by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election…shall not be denied by failure to pay poll tax
The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied

2. 14th Amendment: What does ‘equal protection mean’?
What would it mean to treat people equally in the following situations?
A man and a woman apply for a job as a shoe sales person. What would the employer have to do to treat these two applicants equally?
Two students try to enter a school that has stairs leading to the entrance. One student is handicapped and the other is not. What would the school have to do to treat these two students equally?
Two students live in the same school district. The students are the same age, but they are different races. What does the school district have to do to treat these two students equally?

3. Questions to think about.
How has the interpretation of the14th Amendment’s ‘equal protection’ clause changed over time?
How has meaning of ‘the right to vote’ changed throughout U.S. history?

4. 14th Amendment Defining Equal Protection in a Democratic Society

5. The 14th Amendment
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. ….
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

6. Are either of these equal protection?
De facto segregation –segregation by law
De jure segregation –segregation by custom

7. Two Interpretations of Equal Protection
Plessey v. Ferguson, 1896
“Separate but equal”
50 years of de facto segregation
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS
Original intent of the 14th amendment was integration
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8. Equal Protection after Brown v. Board
Take a few minutes to discuss with a partner:
Why would parents want to send their children to a neighborhood school? An integrated school?
Which type of school would you prefer to attend?
Is a neighborhood school necessarily segregated?

9. Education after Brown U.S. Supreme Court Swann v. CMS, 1971
Swann & other families sued CMS for not effectively integrating public schools
Even w/Brown decision:
blacks confined to poor neighborhood schools –de jure segregation
Black students bussed to wealthier white schools
whites not integrated into predominantly black schools
Decision:
when de jure segregation exists, both black and white students need to be bussed

10. Education in NC after Swann
Leandro v. State, 1994
NC Supreme Court
Plaintiffs sued NC for:
not helping poor counties with enough funding to provide an equal education
Decision:
people have the right to a “sound basic education”
not one of equal monetary value
Counties are responsible for collecting enough revenue
Hoke v. State, 2004
State Superintendent of Instruction is responsible for proposing new programs and funding for ‘low wealth’ counties

11. Pair Share Consider the 3 EQs and discuss with your partner
Determine how the 14th Amendment limits those who govern.
Determine how the 14th Amendment limits those who are governed.
Determine what “equal protections” are guaranteed by the Amendment.

12. Complete the graphic organizer
14th Amendment Cases
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
Plaintiff’s complaint:
Majority Opinion:
Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
Swann v. CMS, 1971
Leandro v. State of NC, 1994

13. Exit Ticket What is the Equal Protection Clause?
How has the Equal Protection Clause’s interpretation been changed over the years through the different court cases?

14. Essential Questions to answer
Determine how the 14th Amendment limits those who govern
Determine how the 14th Amendment limits those who are governed
Determine what equal protections are guaranteed by the Amendment