1. World History
Chapter 12
Renaissance & Reformation

3. Section 1: The Renaissance

4. Targets
Explain why, between 1350 & 1550, Italian intellectuals believed they had entered a new age of human achievement
Characterize city-states which were centers of political, economic & social life in Renaissance Italy.

7. I. The Italian Renaissance
The word renaissance means rebirth
Began in Italy & spread to the rest of Europe

8. Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
1. Largely an urban society, a system in which cities are the center of political, economic & social life (pg. 375) had a secular, worldly view (pg. 375)

9. Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
2. Age of recovery from disasters of the 14th century
3. New view of human beings emerged

10. The Italian Renaissance
“Men can do all things if they will”
Well-rounded, universal person
Leonardo da Vinci, was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor & mathematician

11. II. The Italian States
Milan, Venice & Florence
Prospered from a flourishing trade
Trading ships
Profited from the Crusades

12. A. Milan
Visconti family established themselves as dukes of Milan
Francesco Sforza became the ruling duke in 1447
mercenaries, soldiers who sold their services to the highest bidder (pg. 377)

14. B. Venice
The Republic of Venice
Had an elected leader called a Doge

15. Luca Carlevaris, The Pier & the Ducal Palace

19. C. Florence
Wealthy group of merchants established control of the Florence government
Cosimo de Medici & Lorenzo de Medici, wealthy merchant family who controlled the government from behind the scenes

20. Lorenzo de
Medici

22. D. The Italian Wars
1494 the French king Charles VIII occupied the kingdom of Naples
Italian states turned for help to the Spanish

23. D. The Italian Wars
French & Spanish made Italy their battleground as they fought to dominate the country

24. The Italian Wars
Spanish king Charles I allowed mercenaries to sack Rome in 1527
Spanish became a dominant force in Italy

25. III. Machiavelli & the New Statecraft
Niccolo Machiavelli
The Prince
How to acquire & keep political power

26. Niccolo Machiavelli

27. Machiavelli & the New Statecraft
A prince’s attitude toward power must be based on an understanding of human nature
Political activity should not be restricted by moral principles

28. Machiavelli & the New Statecraft
Must be will to let his conscience sleep
Abandon morality as the basis for analyzing political activity

29. IV. Renaissance Society
Society divided into three estates or social classes
Nobility, clergy & peasants (townspeople)

30. A. The Nobility
Ideals of the nobility expressed in The Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione
Described the characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble

31. Baldassare Castiglione

32. Characteristics of a Renaissance noble
1. born, not made
2. had to develop two basic skills
a. acquire military skills
b. gain a classical education

33. Characteristics of a Renaissance noble
3. Needed to follow a certain standard of conduct

34. B. Peasants & Townspeople
Peasants made 85 to 90% of the total European population
Serfdom continued to decrease
Townspeople made up the rest of the 3rd estate

35. C. Family & Marriage
To maintain the family, parents carefully arranged marriages, often to strengthen business or family ties
Dowry, a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, by the bride’s parents to her husband (pg. 381)

38. Niccolò Machiavelli
1513
actual or appearance of good qualities and the ability to do evil if necessary

39. Section 2: The Intellectual & Artistic Renaissance

41. Daily Objectives
Discuss humanism - the most important intellectual movement associated with the Renaissance.
Identify the great artists & sculptors produced by the Renaissance, such as Michelangelo, Rafael & Leonardo da Vinci.

42. I. Italian Renaissance Humanism
A key intellectual movement of the Renaissance was humanism
Humanism was based on the study of the classics, the literary works of ancient Greece & Rome

43. I. Italian Renaissance Humanism
Studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy & history
Today, these subjects are called the humanities

44. Italian Renaissance Humanism
Petrarch, called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism

45. Vernacular Literature
Vernacular is the language of everyday speech/writing
Italian: Dante
Divine Comedy
Story of the soul’s journey to salvation

46. Vernacular Literature
English: Chaucer
The Canterbury Tales
Collection of stories told by a group of 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint Thomas a Becket at Canterbury

47. Vernacular Literature
Important in making his dialect the chief ancestor of the modern English language

48. Vernacular Literature
French: Christine de Pizan
The Book of the City of Ladies
Written in defense of women

49. Education in the Renaissance
The humanist movement had a profound effect on education
They wrote books on education & opened schools based on their ideas

50. Education in the Renaissance
Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (or rhetoric), letters (grammar & logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy & music

51. Education in the Renaissance
Humanist educators also stressed physical education
Javelin throwing, archery, dancing, running, wrestling, hunting & swimming
Education was practical preparation for life

52. Education in the Renaissance
Females were largely absent from these schools

53. The Artistic Renaissance in Italy
Renaissance artists sought to imitate nature in their works
Artists were developing a new world perspective
Human beings became the focus of attention

54. New Techniques in Painting
Fresco’s, painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints

55. New Techniques in Painting
Masaccio work had depth & came alive, used the laws of perspective, created the illusion of three dimensions, more realistic

56. Masaccio The Tribute Money

57. Masaccio

58. New Techniques in Painting
Two major developments:
1. Laws of perspective & the organization of outdoor space & light through geometry
2. Investigation of movement & human anatomy

59. Sculpture & Architecture
Donatello, sculpture, copied the statues of the Greeks & Romans
Saint George

60. Saint George
by Donatello

61. Gattamelata

62. Sculpture & Architecture
Filippo Brunelleschi, architect
New architecture in Florence, the church of San Lorenzo

63. Architect Filippo Brunelleschi

64. Masters of the High Renaissance
The High Renaissance in Italy is associated with 3 artistic giants, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, & Michelangelo
Leonardo mastered the art of realistic painting & even dissected human bodies

65. Leonardo da Vinci

68. Mona Lisa

69. Leonardo da Vinci

70. Masters of the High Renaissance
Raphael, painted numerous madonnas (paintings of the Virgin Mary)
Frescoe, School of Athens

71. Raphael, Madonna & Child

72. Raphael

73. School of Athens by Raphael

74. Transfiguration by Raphael

75. Masters of the High Renaissance
Michelangelo, painter, sculptor & architect
Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome

77. This detail from the Sistine Chapel is titled The Creation of Adam.

78. David
by Michelangelo

80. Pieta

81. The Northern Artistic Renaissance
Northern Europe
Northern artists painted illustrations for books & wooden panels for altarpieces
Flanders became the most important northern school of art in the 15th century

82. The Northern Artistic Renaissance
Flemish painter Jan van Eyck
Used oil paint, a wide variety of colors & created fine details
Giovanni Arnolfini & His Bride

83. Jan van Eyck

84. The Northern Artistic Renaissance
German artist, Albrecht Durer
Adoration of the Magi

85. Durer

87. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
has dignity and worth
seek fulfillment
Humanists believed that liberal studies enabled individuals to reach their full potential.
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