1. PASIG Bootcamp: Image Formats Robert Buckley NewMarket Imaging/
University of Rochester
PASIG - Washington
22 May 2013

2. Introduction to image formats
Summary
Introduction to image formats
Short List
Container Formats
Use Models under Short List

3. What is an image format? Application Format ImageStream Color Spec
Metadata
Format
Application
A Content Data Object and its associated Representation Information, part of an Information Package. OAIS Reference Model
A serialized encoding of an abstract information model, which is a unit of exchangeable knowledge. Global Digital Format Registry
A format is a set of semantic and syntactic rules governing the mapping between abstract information and its representation in digital form. Unified Digital Format Registry
A package of information that can be stored as a data file or sent via a network as a data stream. Library of Congress/NDIIPP
The internal structure and encoding of a digital object, which allows it to be processed, or to be rendered in human-accessible form. The National Archives
Machine processing as an aid to human processing; are images fundamentally for human consumption

4. Sustainability Factors
Library of Congress
The National Archives
Disclosure
Adoption
Transparency
Self documentation
External dependencies
Impact of patents
Technical protection mechanisms
Ubiquity
Support
Disclosure
Documentation quality
Stability
Ease of identification & validation
Intellectual property rights
Metadata support
Complexity
Interoperability
Viability
Re-usability
Focus on format properties
Sustainability for preservation
This is for suppliers, providers, packagers who have to deliver content and user value

5. System Sustainability Factors
Cost
Implementation
User Experience
Look at the format from the standpoint of the system – some overlap with previous slide
Format forces an object focus
Implementation includes workflow
Taking a broader view of what they have to do and manage – add content to this list
Format is this thing we have to implement and manage in a cost effective way to deliver user experience and customer value, with all the usual concerns about IP, security, etc. It’s really about the content.
So what happens if you adopt a content-based approach?
Consisting of 12 panels (one of which is a copy, the original having been stolen in 1934) and depicting numerous complex theological scenes, the documentation project has rendered the already composite work into 100 billion pixels using the highest resolution photography.

6. Originals Now talking about images
Is it originals? To be digitized and end up as content – for what end? Access to a digital surrogate
Digitization is implicit
What about born digital?
Raw on the left to TIFF/JPEG on the right, where rendering decisions have been made
As you go from left to right, less interpretation – why any interpretation? Well, there’s ground truth and then there’s what you can render
Think of it in terms of decisions
© R.M.N./Arnaudet – J. Schormans

7. Image State Color Encoding Plus Image Encoding Metadata Encoding
Scene- or original-referred
Output-referred
after a rendering decision
Plus
Image Encoding
Uncompressed
Losslessy compressed
Lossy compressed (functionally lossless)
Metadata Encoding
Almost everything is digitization, except the computer generated images from CGI and office apps
ICC has one node for output-referred, ACES has two: one for
What do you make of this pile of bits
First you need to decode it and produce a raster for rendering, display, print, etc.
Image State 1, e.g. original referred, and 2, e.g. compressed – expand on concept
Mention CIE study

8. Image Formats – Short List
Format Family
Format
Year
TIFF
TIFF extensions
1992
JPEG
Baseline
1993
PNG
W3C & ISO/IEC version
1996
JPEG 2000
JP2 - base file format
JPX, MJ2, JPM
2000
Raw
CR2, NEF, DNG, …
2004 (DNG)
PDF/A
A-1, 2, 3
2005
Only one? Recall UConn save Raw + JP2 which together are smaller than an uncompressed TIFF
Too listy – make into a table, e.g. Raw – DNG, CR2, NEF, ….
For the time being, think of these as single image formats/containers
So when all is said and done and you wrap it all up and listen to what people are saying, here are the formats that are being discussed when it comes to archiving and preservation. So let’s step back and think about use cases.

9. Production Master and Derivatives
Use Models
Archival Master
Production Master and Derivatives
Service File
Uncompressed TIFF
Multiple JPEGs
JPEG
Lossy JPEG 2000
JPEG, PDF
Lossless JPEG 2000
Lossless JPEG DNG
Line 4 is UConn from Using DNG, JPEG 2000, and Embedded XMP Metadata at UConn.pdf in PASIG 2013 folder; their system produces JPEGs for the Interent Archive Bookreader
Some talking about compression but short of JPEG 2000

10. Container Formats Format Contents TIFF Multiple page images PDF/A
Multiple pages and page components
JPEG JPX
Multiple images in x, y, z and t
- MJ2
Timed image sequence
- JPM
Multiple pages and image components
MXF
Audio and video streams
All have metadata
Distinguish from packaging formats, such as ZIP, TAR and AXF (and BagIt)
Supporting multiple codecs – all on this list do except JPX – check about audio in MJ2
For the time being, think of these as single image formats/containers

11. Multiple Images in a JPX Codestream

12. Multiple Images in an MJ2 file

13. MXF
Digital Cinema Package (DCP) uses lossy JPEG for image content
SAMMA migrates videotapes to MXF OP1a files with lossless JPEG 2000 image content
FADGI A/V Working Group developing MXF AS-07 Application Specification for Archiving & Preservation

14. Wrap-up Only a small set of formats used for archival images
There is a growing need for compression
Expanding the notion of an image format
JPEG 2000 as a bridge between still image and archival MXF formats
Questions?
About making a decision today—consequences for migration and emulation