2. MODAL VERBS

3. Uses of MUST and its opposites

4. Major Functions of Modal Verbs
ABILITY – can, be able to
POSSIBILITY – can, could, may, might
PERMISSION – can, could, may, might
REQUESTS and OFFERS – would/could, shall, can
CERTAINITY and ASSUMPTION – must, can’t, couldn’t, will, should
PRESENT OBLIGATION – ought to, should, must, have to, need to, be to, will. Shall
PAST OBLIGATION – had to, should have, needed to, was/were to
ABSENCE of OBLIGATION – don’t have to/don’t need to, won’t have to/won’t need to
needn’t, didn’t have to/didn’t need to, needn’t have
ADVICE, RECOMMENDATION, SUGGESTION – had better, must, ought to/should,
Ought to have, should have, might/could, hadn’t better, shall
HABBIT, Typical Behavior, CRITICISM – would, ought to/should, can/could/might