1. Preliminaries
Instructor: Witold Nazarewicz and guest stars
Assistants: Yannen Jaganathen and Bastian Schütrumpf
TA: Jennifer Glick
Recommended textbooks:
Nuclear Physics: Exploring the Heart of Matter (2013)
2007 NSAC Long Range Plan: The Frontiers of Nuclear Science
Report to NSAC on Implementing the 2007 Long Range Plan (January 2013)
You will have one week to send your answers to Jennifer
Requirements/grading criteria:
Attendance and participation [50%]
Answers to the problems [30%]
Final presentation [20%; May 4 and 6, 2015] (PHY 802) or essay (PHY 492; tier II writing requirement) – based on 1-2 selected nuclear physics papers from Physical Review Letters, Science, or Nature
Focus:
Broadening and deepening students' knowledge and understanding
Critical thinking; connecting the dots

2. Survey of Nuclear Physics (PHY 802/492)
Witold Nazarewicz
MSU, Spring 2015
“All the matter that makes up all the living organisms and ecosystems, planets and stars, throughout every galaxy in the universe, is made of atoms, and 99.9% of the mass of all the atoms in the (visible) universe comes from the nuclei at their centers which are over 10,000 times smaller in diameter than the atoms themselves”
NRC Decadal Study Report

3. The Quantum Ladder macroscopic reduction complexity subatomic ???
Galaxy clusters
Galaxies
reduction
complexity
Stars
Planets
Living Organisms,
Man-made Structures
macroscopic
Cells, Crystals,
Materials
Molecules
Atoms
Nuclei
Elementary
Particles
(baryons, mesons)
Quarks and
Leptons
Nucleus is in the middle of the ladder: it connects fundamental with complex.
What is fundamental, what is our building block, depends on the resolution, or the energy scale of experimental probes.
subatomic
Super-
strings ?
???

4. The Scale of the Universe
Nucleus is in the middle of the ladder: it connects fundamental with complex.
What is fundamental, what is our building block, depends on the resolution, or the energy scale of experimental probes.

5. The Nuclear Landscape and the Big Questions (NAS report)
How did visible matter come into being and how does it evolve?
How does subatomic matter organize itself and what phenomena emerge?
Are the fundamental interactions that are basic to the structure of matter fully understood?
How can the knowledge and technological progress provided by nuclear physics best be used to benefit society?
The Mission: Explain the origin, evolution, and structure of the baryonic matter of the universe - the matter that makes up stars, planets, and human life itself

6. The Lego Block Approach
Massive structure (could have been in the basement of our house in Tennessee; my son - who is now 29 - used to be a Lego fun)
This is the strategy adopted by many scientists
Reduce the complex forms and materials to
one (or a few) fundamental building blocks

7. Emergent Behavior Examples: friction, pressure, flow,
The phenomenon of emergent order refers to this kind of organization, with the higher levels displaying new properties not evident at the lower levels. Unique properties of organized matter arise from how the parts are arranged and interact, properties that cannot be fully explained by breaking that order down into its component parts. You can't even describe the higher levels in terms of lower-level language.
Emergence in physics and mathematics is often used in a slightly different sense than biological systems. In physics, going from the micro to the macro doesn't necessarily result in great organization, but it does introduce new properties, often ushering in a new structure with it…. Almost anything can be more than the sum of its parts!
Examples:
Mobius Strip, a strip of paper that can be twisted and turned into a loop that technically only has one side.
friction, pressure, flow,
superfluidity, ferromagnetism
Möbius strip: a surface with only one side and only one boundary component. (Try to cut it along the center line!)

8. Give 3 examples of emergent phenomena in subatomic physics

9. Robert B. Laughlin, Nobel Prize Lecture, December 8, 1998

10. A unifying view The View from the Center of the Universe (2006)
Sheldon Glashow originally suggested this symbol, with the swallowing of the tail expressing his hope for a unification of the theories governing the largest and smallest scales
Sixty orders of magnitude separate the very smallest from the very largest.
The Cosmic Uroboros represents the universe as a continuity of vastly different size scales, of which the largest and smallest may be linked by gravity.
There are connections between large and small: electromagnetic forces are most important from the scale of atoms to that of mountains; strong and weak forces govern both atomic nuclei and stars; cosmic inflation may have created the large-scale of the universe out of quantum-scale fluctuations.
Few realize that the universe exists on all scales, everywhere, all the time. This is a truly extravagant thought.
The View from the Center of the Universe (2006)

11. Brief History of Nuclear Physics
1896: discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel
1898: separation of Radium by Maria and Pierre Curie; discovery of a, b, g rays
1911: nucleus as a central part of an atom – Rutherford
1913: Soddy and Richards elucidate the concept of nuclear mass: isotopes are born
1919: Rutherford carries out first transmutation (He+N → p+O)
1923: Georg von Hevesy uses radioactive tracers in biology
1928: theory of alpha decay by Gamow
1929: cyclotron (Ernest Lawrence); Rasetti discovers spin J=1 for 14N
1930: Pauli predicts neutrino; Dirac predicts antimatter
1932: discovery of the neutron by Chadwick; discovery of positrons by Anderson
1934: Fermi theory of beta decay; Baade and Zwicky predict neutron stars
1935: nuclear (strong) force through meson exchange – Yukawa
1936: John Lawrence treats leukemia with 32P
1938: stars are powered by nuclear fusion (Gamow, von Weizsäcker, Bethe): pp,CNO
1939: nuclear fission (Hahn, Strassman, Meitner, Frisch); Bohr, Wheeler explain fission
1940: McMillan and Abelson produce a new element (n+238U → 239U →239Np→239Pu)
1942: first self-sustaining fission reaction (Fermi); Manhattan project (Oppenheimer)
1945: atomic bomb
1947: pi meson discovered in Bristol (by studying cosmic ray tracks)
1948: Big Bang nucleosynthesis (Alpher, Bethe, Gamow)
Electricity generated at the X-10 Graphite Reactor in Oak Ridge

12. 1949: nuclear shell model (Mayer, Jensen)
1951: nuclear collective model (Bohr, Mottelson, Rainwater)
1952: hydrogen bomb (Teller, Ulam); Hoyle resonance predicted
1954: proton therapy at Berkeley
1956: experimental evidence for antineutrino (Reines, Cowan)
prediction and discovery of parity violation (Lee, Yang, Wu)
1957: stellar nucleosynthesis (Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, Hoyle)
1958: nuclear superconductivity (Bohr, Mottelson, Pines)
1961: first PET scan at Brookhaven
1964: quarks proposed (Gell-Mann, Zweig)
1967: discovery of neutron stars (Hewish, Shklovsky, Bell)
1969: intrinsic structure of the proton (SLAC)
1972: color charge and quantum chromodynamics (Fritsch, Gell-Mann)
1978: discovery of the gluon (DESY)
1982: chiral symmetry on the lattice (Ginsparg, Wilson)
1983: discovery of W and Z intermediate vector bosons (CERN)
1995: top quark discovered (Fermilab)
1999: discovery of particle stability of 31F (RIKEN)
2001: neutrino oscillations (Super-Kamiokande, SNO)
2002: element Z=118 produced in Dubna
2005: quark–gluon liquid of very low viscosity discovered at RHIC
2008: discovery of 40Mg at MSU

13. The “Brief History” ends in 2008. What would you add to the list?

14. From quarks to neutron stars
Subfields of nuclear physics
nuclear structure, whose goal is to build a coherent framework for explaining all properties of nuclei and nuclear matter and how they interact
nuclear astrophysics, which explores those events and objects in the universe shaped by nuclear reactions
hot QCD, or relativistic heavy ions, which examines the state of melted nuclei and with that knowledge seeks to shed light on the nature of those quarks and gluons that are the constituent particles of nuclei
cold QCD, or hadron structure, which explores the characteristics of the strong force and the various mechanisms by which the quarks and gluons interact and result in the properties of the protons and neutrons that make up nuclei.
fundamental symmetries, those areas on the edge of nuclear physics where the understandings and tools of nuclear physicists are being used to unravel limitations of the Standard Model and to provide some of the understandings upon which a new, more comprehensive Standard Model will be built.
Observations
Reactive
Beams
Electron
Scattering
stars
RESOLUTION
RESOLUTION
heavy nuclei
distance
distance
Relativistic
Heavy Ions
light nuclei
protons &
neutrons
protons & neutrons
quark-gluon plasma
From quarks to neutron stars

15. Nuclear Physics in the Universe:
The Big Bang timeline, from inflation to quark soup to the birth of the light nuclei to the formation of atoms and gravitationally bound structures.
The Big Bang timeline, from inflation to quark soup to the birth of the light nuclei to the formation of atoms and ultimately of galaxies and other gravitationally bound structures. [Image: Particle Data Group/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory/U.S. Department of Energy/NSF]
Image: Particle Data Group/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

16. Nuclear degrees of freedom
Resolution
Hot and dense quark-gluon matter
Hadron structure
Hadron-Nuclear
interface
Nuclear structure
Nuclear reactions
Degrees of freedom of the strongly-interacting many-body problem
Nuclear astrophysics
New standard model
Applications of nuclear science

17. The scientific agenda (questions that drive the field)
PERSPECTIVES ON THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMIC NUCLEI
What are the limits of nuclear existence and how do nuclei at those limits live and die?
What do regular patterns in the behavior of nuclei divulge about the nature of nuclear forces and the mechanism of nuclear binding?
What is the nature of extended nucleonic matter? What are its phases?
How can nuclear structure and reactions be described in a unified way?
How can the symbiosis of nuclear physics and other subfields be exploited to advance understanding of all many-body systems?
NUCLEAR ASTROPHYSICS
How old is the universe?
How did the elements come into existence?
What makes stars explode as supernovae, novae, or X-ray bursts?
What is the nature of neutron stars?
What can neutrinos tell us about stars?

18. EXPLORING QUARK-GLUON PLASMA
What are properties of near-perfect liquid QGP
What is the origin of confinement?
What are the properties of the QCD vacuum? What is the origin of chiral symmetry breaking?
What are the experimental signatures for a transition to new phases in relativistic heavy-ion collisions?
What are the implications for the analogous epoch in the Big Bang?
THE STRONG FORCE AND THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF NEUTRONS AND PROTONS
What are the internal structural properties of protons and neutrons and how do those properties arise from the motions and properties of their constituents?
How do those properties change when protons and neutrons are combined into complex nuclei?
Can QCD describe the full spectrum of hadrons in both their ground and excited states?
How do the nucleonic models emerge from QCD?

19. FUNDAMENTAL SYMMETRIES
What is the nature of the neutrinos, what are their masses, and how have they shaped the evolution of the cosmos?
Why is there now more visible matter than antimatter in the universe?
What are the unseen forces that were present in the dawn of the universe but disappeared from view as it evolved? Once very hot and very homogeneous, the universe now displays a preferred “handedness” and so the existence of lost forces.
What are the low-energy manifestations of physics beyond the Standard Model? How can precision experiments in nuclear physics reveal them?
One Force ??