2. LT 4.1
Take out your notes on the states of matter.

3. So what's going on with the atoms in these?

4. Thermal Energy, Temperature, and Heat
LT 4.2

5. Which has more thermal energy? And how do you know?

6. Which has more thermal energy?
The Iceberg has more thermal energy

7. Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat Research.
How is thermal energy related to heat?
How is heat related to temperature?
How is temperature related to thermal energy?
How can something with a low temperature have a higher amount of thermal energy than something that has a higher temperature?
How could something that has a high temperature have the same thermal energy as something with a low temperature?
Create a model to explain the differences thermal energy, temperature, and heat.

8. Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat
….What’s the difference??

9. How??? Lets look at some definitions.
Temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter.
Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter.
…..so how is there really a difference???

10. Temperature
When particles of matter move more quickly, they have more kinetic energy, so their temperature is higher. With a higher temperature, matter feels warmer. When particles move more slowly, they have less kinetic energy on average, so their temperature is lower. With a lower temperature, matter feels cooler.
To measure this we use a thermometer. Many thermometers measure temperature with a liquid that expands when it gets warmer and contracts when it gets cooler.

11. Thermal Energy
Anything that is moving has kinetic energy, and the faster it is moving, the more kinetic energy it has. The total kinetic energy of moving particles of matter is called thermal energy. It’s not just hot things have thermal energy. All matter has thermal energy, even matter that feels cold. That’s because the particles of all matter are in constant motion and have kinetic energy.
Thermal energy takes into account the mass (how much stuff is inside the object)

12. Temperature and Thermal Energy
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of particles of matter, whereas thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of particles of matter.
Lets look at an example that may be easier to visualize the differences:

13. Temperature and Thermal Review
What is temperature?
What is thermal energy?
Does all matter have thermal energy?
How?
Lets look at an example that may be easier to visualize the differences:

14. Pennies and Quarters
Lets imagine this, we have some quarters. How much are they worth?
Now lets say that quarter represents an atoms in the fire and its value is its “temperature”.
Now, we also have some pennies. How much are they worth?
Again lets say each penny represents an atom in the iceberg and its value is its “temperature”.

15. Temperature and Thermal Energy
So if I have a stack of quarters, the average value or “temperature” of those coins would be 25. So each particle has a value of 25.
And it I have pile of pennies, the average value of “temperature” of those coins would be 1. So each particle has a value of 1.
Now lets look at thermal energy.

16. Which one is worth more overall???

17. Temperature and Thermal Energy
Even though the quarters have a higher “temperature” (25), because there are fewer of them the stack of quarters has less “thermal” energy than the pennies.
So even things with a “low temperature” still have energy and if they have enough mass it can have a higher amount of thermal energy. (Iceberg and fire)

19. Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat
Day 2

20. Which has more thermal energy?
The Iceberg has more thermal energy

21. Which has the highest temperature?
The fire has a higher temperature

22. What about heat???
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between substances. As particles are given energy (heated) their atoms move faster and faster. They begin to bump into the atoms beside them and transfer energy to those atoms which causes them to move faster.

23. Heat
Thermal energy always moves from matter with greater thermal energy to matter with less thermal energy, so it moves from warmer to cooler substances. Thermal energy is transferred in this way until both substances have the same thermal energy and temperature.
Faster-moving particles of the warmer substance bump into and transfer some of their energy to slower-moving particles of the cooler substance.

24. Heat and Ice Tea. Which has more energy, tea or the ice in it?
As the ice sits in the tea (which has more energy). The particles in the tea will begin bumping into the ice particles. As they do energy is transferred from the tea to the ice. The tea begins to slow down and the ice particles begin to speed up. This continues until all the particles are at the same temperature (when the ice has melted).

25. Heat Transfer

26. Heat transfer Heat transfer occurs in 3 ways: Conduction Convection
Radiation

27. Conduction
When solids are heated their particles begin to gain energy and begin to vibrate more and more.
This causes them to bump into the neighboring particles giving them energy. If this continues the energy will continue to pass throughout the solid.
Some materials are better at conducting heat from one particle to another than others.
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28. Convection
Usually occurs through liquids and gasses. Because there is more room between particles in a liquid and gas as they are heated they have more space to move.
This causes a change in density in the substance and the matter that has energy begins to rise. As it rises it comes in contact with cooler air and cools down. As it does so it then begins to fall back down to the heat source again.
This creates a circular motion to the substance.

30. Heat Transfer

31. Heat transfer Heat transfer occurs in 3 ways: Conduction Convection
Radiation

32. Radiation
Heat transfer occurs can occur through the air or even in empty space. Particles do not have to be in contact for the heat to transfer.
Thermal Radiation causes waves of heat to hit objects. As they do the object begins to gain energy, heating the object.
radiation

33. Heat Calculation

34. Review Temperature Thermal energy Heat
How does heat/thermal energy move
Describe conduction
Describe convection
Describe radiation

35. Identify the following as temperature, thermal energy, or heat
Sally places a pot on a burner. The burner is lit and makes the molecules move faster.
George uses a thermometer in a glass of water and finds it is 20 degrees Celsius.
Alex uses adds up all of the movement of the atoms in a cube of ice.
A heater turns on. It causes the molecules in the air to move in a circular pattern.
James is sitting near a campfire. He feels his skin getting warmer.

36. Thermometer
What does a thermometer tell us?

37. Specific heat
The specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. Different materials have different specific heats.
Examples of low specific heat:
Copper
0.385 Joules of heat to raise 1 gram of copper 1 degree Celsius
Example of high specific heat:
Water
4.184 Joules of heat to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

38. Formula for calculating Heat
Q= CpM∆T
Q is the amount of heat transferred
Cpis specific heat
M is mass in grams
∆T is the change in temperature

39. Example 1
How much energy is transferred if a block of copper with a mass of 50 g is heated from 20°C to 100 °C? The specific heat of copper, Cu, is c = J/g°C
Q= CpM∆T
Q = (50 g)(0.386 J/g°C)(80 J/g°C)
Q = 1544 Joules

40. Example 2
How much energy is transferred if a block of lead with a mass of 45 g is heated from 40°C to 100 °C?
Q= CpM∆T
Q = (45 g)(0.13 )(60 J/g°C)
Q = 351 Joules

41. Example 3
How much energy is transferred if a block of granite with a mass of 70 g is heated from 10°C to 100 °C?
Q= CpM∆T
Q = (70 g)(0.79 )(90 J/g°C)
Q = 4,977 Joules

42. Example 4
How much energy is transferred if glass of liquid water with a mass of 20 g is heated from 25°C to 100 °C?
Q= CpM∆T
Q = (20 g)(4.18 )(75 J/g°C)
Q = 6,270 Joules

43. Example 5
How much energy is transferred if a block of solid water with a mass of 80 g is heated from 15°C to 100 °C?
Q= CpM∆T
Q = (80 g)(2.11 )(85 J/g°C)
Q = 14,348 Joules

44. Take out a sheet of paper.

45. Thermal Energy Questions
How are thermal energy and temperature similar?
How are thermal energy and temperature different?
What is heat?
What are the three types of heat transfer?
Describe conduction
Describe convection
Describe radiation
How can something with a low temperature have a higher amount of thermal energy than something that has a higher temperature?
A cup of coffee has a temperature of 80 degrees Celsius, and a Big Q is filled with soda and has a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. How would the molecular movement be different in these two drinks?
A cup of coffee (8oz) has a temperature of 80 degrees Celsius, and a Big Q (32oz) is filled with soda and ice, it has a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. How would the thermal energy be different in these two?

47. Temp, Thermal, and Heat
Read Section 1.2 in textbook, supplement your notes.

49. Standing Review
What form of energy travels in waves but doesn’t require matter?
What form of energy comes from the movement of electrons?
What form of energy is the energy of movement?
What form of energy comes in a wave and requires matter to move?
What form of energy comes from the movement of atoms?
What form of energy comes from the breaking of bonds between atoms?
What form of energy comes from splitting an atom?
What form of energy is due to its position?

50. Standing Review What is matter?
What are the two things all matter has?
What is mass?
What is volume?
What are the parts of an atom and their charges?
How can we identify an atom?
What is energy?
What is potential energy?
What is kinetic energy?
What is gravitational potential energy?
A ball is sitting on a cliff, when would it have the most kinetic energy?
A ball is sitting on a cliff, when would it have the most potential energy?

51. What forms of Energy?

52. What forms of Energy?

53. What forms of Energy?