The Need for Global Standards

The Need for Global Standards
AIXM/MET Information Exchange, 12 May 2009 George Percivall OGC Chief Architect Executive Director, Interoperability Program Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

What do we mean by interoperability?
"capability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data among various functional units in a manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of those units“ Source: OGC Abstract Specification Topic 12: Services Institutional Organizational Cultural Legal Technical The OGC staff and our members are committed to the concept of geospatial data, services, and application interoperability. Together with terms like "metadata" and "joined-up thinking", this word is increasingly being used in information management discourse across all of our information gathering institutions. So what do we mean by interoperability? From the OGC technology perspective and as documented in the OGC Abstract Specification (derived from ISO and 19112) interoperability is the “capability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data among various functional units in a manner that requires the user to have little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of those units”. Excellent examples of interoperability at its best are the Internet and the World Wide Web. “Plug and Play” is another term we often see in use. An excellent example of the implementation of plug and play concept is the stereo component market: you can plug and play receivers, DVD players, and dozens of other components from many providers – and it will work! We and our members have the same interoperability vision. However, interoperability at the technology level is only one aspect of what the term encompasses. At a higher (more general) level, To be interoperable, one should be actively engaged in the ongoing process of ensuring that the systems, procedures and culture of an organization are managed in such a way as to maximize opportunities for exchange and re-use of information, whether internally or externally. Based upon this definition, it should be clear that there is far more to ensuring interoperability than using compatible software and hardware, although that is of course important. Rather, assurance of effective interoperability will require often radical changes to the ways in which organizations work and, especially, in their attitudes to information. Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

Interoperability allows a Common Reality
“What we are doing is facilitating a common picture of reality for different organizations which have different views of the reality, the disaster, the emergency, the catastrophe, that they all have to deal with collectively” David Schell CEO and Chairman OGC Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,
Why Open Standards? Rapidly mobilize new capabilities – plug and play Lower systems costs Encourage market competition Choose based on functionality desired Avoid “lock in” to a proprietary architecture Decisions to share information and services become policy decisions Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

What do we mean by “Open” Standard?
Freely and publicly available Non discriminatory No license fees Vendor neutral Data neutral Agreed to by a formal consensus process What do we mean by “open” and an “open system”? First, consider the term “open”. This adjective is used extensively in the IT industry – including the GIS industry. But very seldom do we see this term actually defined. At the OGC, we use the term Open in very much the same way as the Open Source organization does ( So, from the OGC perspective, we and our members firmly believe that all of the standards and specifications created by the OGC member consensus process must be: Freely and publicly available: All of the OGC specifications must be available free of charge (no royalties) and unencumbered by patents and other intellectual property. Non discriminatory: Available to any one, any organization, any time, any where with no restrictions. No license fees: There are no charges any time for the use of OpenGIS specifications. Vendor neutral: The OpenGIS specifications do not favor any vendor over another. They are vendor neutral in terms of their content and implementation concept. Data neutral: OpenGIS Specifications are independent of any data storage model or format. Agreed to by a formal, member based consensus process: All OpenGIS specifications are defined, documented, and approved by a formal, member driven consensus process. The OGC Technical Committee Polices and Procedures document all aspects of the formal consensus process. Definitions from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Open System: A system with characteristics that comply with specified, publicly maintained, readily available standards and that therefore can be connected to other systems that comply with these same standards. A system is a combination of two or more interrelated services arranged in a functional package to perform an operational function or to satisfy a requirement. Within the OGC, many of the terms and concepts related to open systems and interoperability can be traced to the OSI-RM, or OSI Reference Model. Essentially, this is a model of network architecture and a suite of protocols (a protocol stack) to implement it, developed by ISO in 1978 as a framework for international standards in heterogeneous computer network architecture. Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

Return on Investment Multiple studies confirm the value and advantage of open standards based solutions: NASA Geospatial Interoperability: Return on Investment Study: Value of Standards, Delphi Report: Economic Benefits of Standardization, DIN German Institute for Standardization: Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

Interoperability is about Organizations
“Interoperability seems to be about the integration of information. What it’s really about is the coordination of organizational behavior.” David Schell CEO and Chairman OGC Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

What is the OGC? Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. (OGC) Not-for-profit, international voluntary consensus standards organization Founded in 1994, Incorporated in US, UK, Australia 385 industry, government, research and university members OGC Mission To lead in the development, promotion and harmonization of open geospatial standards …

Where does OGC fit in the ‘standards’ world?
OASIS/IETF / W3C Infrastructure: WSDL, UDDI, SOAP, XML De Facto OGC Software Interfaces: Instantiate Domain and Dejure into Infrastructure ISO Domains: Object / Abstract Models, Content, Vocabulary De Jure Domain Infrastructure Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

OGC Works Closely With Standards Organizations and Consortia in the Technology Community Primary Alliances for standards coordination Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) OASIS International Organization for Standards (ISO) National Emergency Number Association (NENA) COMCARE Digital Geospatial Information Working Group (DGIWG) Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) IEEE Technical Committee 9 (Sensor Web) Secondary alliances Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association (GSDI) Web3D World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI) IEEE GRSS and ICEO Taxonomic Data Working Group (TDWG) Others Geospatial interoperability is our mission and our expertise. OGC has alliances with other major standards and professional organizations to assure that geospatial interoperability is consistently addressed across the broader IT community. There is a growing body of internet standards that employ OGC standards (such as OGC Geography Markup Language) to consistently define and address “location” across the internet and wireless. OGC standards have been incorporated into standards issued by OASIS, IETF and other standards organzations. OGC routinely nominates its standards for ISO adoption. Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

Market Availability see Free availability of standards stimulates market Hundreds of Products Implementing OGC Standards Compliance Test & Certification Program Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

OGC Web Services (OWS) Just as is the dial tone of the World Wide Web, and html / xml are the standard encodings, the geospatial web is enabled by OGC standards: Web Map Server Web Coverage Web Feature Web Map Service (WMS) Web Feature Service (WFS) Web Coverage Service (WCS) Catalogue (CSW) Geography Markup Language (GML) Web Map Context (WMC) OGC KML Others… Relevant to geospatial information applications: Critical Infrastructure, Emergency Management, Weather, Climate, Homeland Security, Defense & Intelligence, Oceans Science, others Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

Sensor Web Enablement (SWE)
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

Variety of Clients for OWS
Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

OGC Reference Model (ORM) www.opengeospatial.org/standards/orm
What is the purpose of the ORM? Overview of OGC Standards Baseline Insight into the current state of the work of the OGC Basis for coordination and understanding of the OGC documents Resource for defining architectures for specific applications Why Read This Document? Better understand the OGC Standards Baseline Better understand the ongoing work of the OGC Gain an understanding necessary to contribute to OGC process Aid in implementing one or more of the OpenGIS Standards Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

OGC’s Approach for Advancing Interoperability
Interoperability Program (IP) - a global, innovative, hands-on prototyping and testing program designed to accelerate interface development and validation, and bring interoperability to the market Rapid Interface Development Specification Development Program – Consensus processes similar to other Industry consortia (World Wide Web Consortium, OMA, OMG, etc.). Standards Setting As a response, the OpenGIS concept and dream began due to: 1. The user’s need to integrate geographic information contained in heterogeneous data stores whose incompatible formats and data structures have prevented interoperability. This incompatibility has limited use of the technology in enterprise and Internet computing environments, and the time, cost, and expertise required for data conversion have slowed adoption of geoprocessing across all market segments. 2. The larger community’s need for improved access to public and private geodata sources, with preservation of the data’s semantics. 3. Agency and vendor needs to develop standardized approaches for specification of geoprocessing requirements for information system procurements. 4. The industry’s need to incorporate geodata and geoprocessing resources into national and enterprise information infrastructures, in order that these resources may be found and used as easily as any other network-resident data and processing resources. 5. Users’ need to preserve the value of their legacy geoprocessing systems and legacy geodata while incorporating new geoprocessing capabilities and geodata sources. Outreach and Community Adoption Program – education and training, encourage take up of OGC specifications, business development, communications programs Market Adoption Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

OGC Web Services Testbed Phase 6 (OWS-6)
Aeronautical Information Management (AIM) thread in OWS-6, sponsored by FAA and EUROCONTROL to: Develop and demonstrate the use of AIXM 5.0 in an OGC Web Services Environment Evaluate and advance various AIXM 5.0 characteristics in realistic scenario setting Develop and test standards-based service-oriented architecture to support the provision of valuable aeronautical information directly to flight decks and Electronic Flight Bags (EFB) For AIM, the objective was to provide relevant aeronautical and weather information directly to flight decks and Electronic Flight Bags via a standards-based service oriented architecture, that can support a vision of future Aeronautical information management where many users need access to the information for flight planning, navigation, and rerouting and where it’s critical that the right information is provided to the right user at the right time at the right place. The basis for this future concept of operations and the transition to a net-centric global aeronautical management capability is AIXM. Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

Vision for AIM requires Interoperability
Data Stewards & Suppliers AIM Customers Airports Obstruction Evaluation Procedure Development Airspace and Rules Military Forest Service…. Pilots Airlines ATC Systems Military Charting… AIXM AIXM AIXM Common Operating Picture AIXM AIXM AIXM AIXM Our vision for Aeronautical Information Management needs to consider end to end management of information. We need to capture and configuration manage the data from the source by working with suppliers and data stewards. We need to develop common operating pictures of the static and dynamic system that can feed downstream systems and customers. This slide provides an organizational view of the AIM information flow and conceptual architecture. At a high level, our aeronautical information chain involves (1) AI Developers, (2) the AIM Integrators, and (3) Customers. AI Developers create aeronautical information based on specifications and requirements from the AIM integrators. The data developers generate data based on designing procedures and airspace, performing safety evaluations (e.g., for obstacles), and through data acquisition (e.g., through airport surveys). Information created by the AI developers is collected, consolidated, processed, quality checked and configuration managed by the AIM integrators. The AIM integration process then transforms and distributes the information in various products to support internal and external customer needs. AIM provides for customer interfaces with which customers obtain the information. The integrators provide data developers requirements: supplier credentials, format, timeliness, accuracy, precision, and quality necessary to support ATM. The customers gain value from the information for use in flight planning, navigation, rerouting, and setting adaptation for various tools. Customers provide specifications for their information needs: data integrity, timeliness, information synchronization, and data product specifications. ATC: Air Traffic Control ATM: Air Traffic Management . Collection Distribution International AI Exchange * Adapted from RTCA, Incorporated. Standards for Processing Aeronautical Data. Report: RTCA/DO-200A. September 28, 1998. Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

AIXM is based on International Standards
Aeronautical Information Exchange Model (AIXM) ISO Spatial Extensible Markup Language (XML) ISO Temporal OGC and ISO Geography Markup Language (GML) ISO Metadata Universal Markup Language (UML) Conceptual standards Exchange standards Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

OWS-6 AIM Goals: Right Data, Right Time, Right Place
Demonstrate use of OGC Web Feature Service (WFS) and Filter Encoding (FE) to support AIXM 5.0 In particular temporal aspects of AIXM and temporal queries Demonstrate filtering of AIXM data based on 4D flight trajectory planning Support for spatio-temporal queries Develop and demonstrate event alert architecture to notify users of changes to selected relevant aeronautical information Prototype client applications to integrate and overlay AIXM and weather data to support better situational awareness Demonstrate improved access to information on demand Order, integrate and visually present information on demand based on relevant and up-to-date information in relation to flight plan Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

OWS-6/AIM Session on Day 2 11:00 am
Introduction – Nadine Alameh, MobiLaps/OGC AIM Thread – Nadine Alameh Event Architecture - Nadine Alameh & Ian Painter, Snowflake Demonstrations – Nuke Goldstein & Jeff Harrison, Carbon Project; Frank Suykens, Luciad; Todd Sprague, PCAvionics Lessons Learned – David Burggraf, Galdos This opens the door for more exciting work in the future in this domain in the following areas. Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

Benefits - Participation in OGC Programs
Direct, legal, and broad dialog with industry on interoperability needs Align industry on priority standards needs – User community organizations help to identify and prioritize requirements for new standards. Small investments in OGC process reduces life cycle risk and cost – minor investments by many OGC members often yields industry action and consensus on standards. When this happens, organizations reduce their reliance on custom solutions and associated maintenance costs Improve choice and competition in the marketplace – Involvement in OGC helps create broad industry incentive to advance and implement OGC standards in their products. This increases the pool of standards-based products that can be plugged into a system or enterprise -- no single application meets the needs of all users Copyright © 2009, Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.,

The Need for Global Standards

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