1. Muon spectrometer (Magnet+RPC+PT)
Advances in Nuclear Emulsion Detectors
J.Kawada, A.Ariga University of Bern
OPERA experiment
first nt CC candidate
Physics Letters B 691 (2010)
Hybrid detector structure
Emulsion film by FUJI Film
NIM Physics Research A 556 (2006) 80–86
NIM Physics Research A 556 (2006) 80–86
SM1
SM2
Emulsion Layer (44micron)
A minimal detector
AgBr Cristal,
Size = 0.2micron
Detection efficiency
= 0.16/crystal
1013 channels in a film
Plastic Base (205micron)
AGE: Fermi lab.
Emulsion Layer
Cross-sectional view (SEM)
Intrinsic resolution　50nm
Deviation from linear-fit line. (2D)
sensitivity 36grains/100micron
π-10GeV/c
Electron ～100keV
Brick Manipulator System
Target area (ECC + CS + TT)
Muon spectrometer (Magnet+RPC+PT)
20μm 1
All leptons in CC interactions are identified in the OPERA detector
ne CC candidate (Ee=13GeV)
Current scanning systems -
AEgIS experiment
-The confirmation of Weak Equivalence Principle (WEP)
by comparing between g and g. - Emulsion can measure the gravitational fall of
anti-hydrogen by detecting a annihilation vertex.
nm CC interaction -
electron m
European Scanning System (20cm2/h)
Super-Ultra Track Selector (Japan, 50cm2/h)
Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 568 (2006) 578. etc.
K. Morishima and T. Nakano, JINST (2010) 5 P04011.
~40 microscopes all over the world
A.Ariga University of Bern
OPERA target & main detector
ECC brick
OPERA Collaboration, JINST 4 (2009) P04018
OPERA collaboration, A. Ariga et al., JINST 3 (2008) P07005;
neutrino
3D track reconstruction
Hybrid target structure.
10.2 cm
7.5 cm
10 X0
12.5 cm
16 layers
0.3mm
1mm
Bern scanning station
6 microscopes equipped with the plate-changer.
Lead plate
(CS)
The OPERA target consists of
about 150,000 bricks.
Total target mass: 1.25 kton
Microscopes will be faster.
Muon Radiography
- High Resolusion By means of good angular resolusion, emulsion can be used as a detector for muon radiography. - Easy Handling Emulsion doesn’t need electric power for its operation, and the
required space for setting is quite small.
OPERA Film × 57 plates
Lead x 56 plates
of Bern
R&D of next generation tracking using GPU
Japanese S-UTS
50cm2/h
European Scanning System 20cm2/h
Next Generation?
Aiming for >100cm2/h/camera in short term (1-2 years)
Camera
Camera
Camera
Putting emulsion inside
(air tight container)
3000Hz
512 x 512 pixels
500Hz
1280 x 1024 pixels
Total surface 500 cm2/module
10 modules are made.
Emulsion
Lead
E1-1
E1-2
E1-3
E1-4
0.5GB/s
~1GB/s
0.8GB/s
Image processor
Image processor
Image processor (FPGA)
Image filtering
zero suppression
~200MB/s
~200MB/s
CPU
Core 2 Quad (QX9775)
NVIDIA GeForce
260 GTX
NVIDIA GeForce 480GTX
Processors 4
216
480
Onboad Memory -
896MB
1536MB
Clock
3200MHz
1348MHz
1401MHz
Mem Bandwidth
111GB/s
177.4GB/s
Computing
0.05TFLOPS
0.88 TFLOPS
1.35T FLOPS
Tracking processor (FPGAx11)
GPU(s)
main memory
Experiment Location
Tracking in CPU
~10MB/s
Track reconstruction
Disk
I/F FPGA
Disk
*ATLAS GRID total ~100TFLOPS
Host PC
Disk
Feasibility study resulted positively.
Easy to make large scale implementation.
High flexibility.
Medical Applications
Emulsion is an easy handling detector and suitable for medical applications.
Neutron detection Knowledge on neutrons is important on in radiology. Low energy(～MeV) neutrons can make recoil protons. By detecting these protons with
emulsion (direction and the range), one can know the neutron spectrum.
Beam study on proton therapy
Emulsion gives accurate measure of dose by therapeutic proton
beam. The goal is to assess the amount of extra dose released in
the patient body due to protons scattered out of the beam
profile.
The number of protons
in the halo region is
precisely determined
in the Emulsions.
Host PC
Host PC
recoiled proton track
Emulsion advanced technics
Momentum measurement in ECC by Multiple Coulomb Scattering.
Emulsion Spectrometer
Test exposure at KEK T1 beam line.
Reference(B=0)
p+ 0.5GeV
p+ 1.0
p+ 2.0
p- 2.0
p- 1.0
p- 0.5
The distribution of S (mean, width) is quite consistent with the bending and scattering. s
em* air em air em
30mm
*em consist of OPERA emulsion with 200micron TAC supporter on both side.
* Proton contamination were rejected by dE/dx measurement
Test module inside
1T compact-permanent magnet
pions
P resolution
15.6%
15.1%
15.3%
13.9%
13.1%
14.5%
DATA
M. Besnier, PhD thesis (2008) Université de Savoie, LAPP-T
Scattering of particles
P MCS (GeV)
Recoiled proton track detected in emulsion
p test beam
Pion 2 GeV
Pion 6 GeV
p test beam
p test beam
P beam (GeV) MC
Preliminary 1
Emulsion has many applications in many fields!
C. Fukushima et al., ``A thin emulsion spectrometer using a compact permanent magnet", Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 592 (2008) T. Abe et al. (International Scoping Study(ISS) for a future neutrino factory and Super-Beam facility),
``Detectors and flux instrumentation for future neutrino facilities", JINST 4:T05001, 2009.
Beam halo study with emulsion (therapeutic 138 MeV proton beam at PSI)