1. Cellular Respiration

2. Cellular Respiration =the release of energy stored in food
=the released energy is stored short-term in molecules of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Adenine
Ribose
Phosphates

3. Stored Energy
Energy Released
Energy had been used
Adding Phosphates=phosphorylation

4. The breakdown of glucose results in the formation of many ATPs

5. How do we breakdown glucose?

6. Cellular Respiration
Aerobic Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes)

7. Cellular Respiration Anaerobic Respiration (Prokaryotes) Glucose
Lactic Acid or Ethyl Alcohol and CO2
+2ATP

8. How do you pull apart a glucose molecule?

9. Series of Oxidation/Reduction Reactions
Oxidation=a molecule loses electrons or H atoms
Reduction=a molecule gains electrons or H atoms
LEO goes GER

10. What molecules are going to accept the electrons or H atoms?
Hydrogen Acceptors:
NAD+
FAD
Both are coenzymes

12. Important Enzymes In Respiration
Isomerases= converts a molecule into an isomer

13. Important Enzymes In Respiration
Dehydrogenases and Hydrogenase =Transfer “H”s

14. Important Enzymes In Respiration
Kinases and Phosphatases= Transfer phosphate groups

15. Anaerobic Respiration Steps
Glycolysis (Splitting of glucose)
Start with one molecule of glucose
Don’t need O2
Process happens in cytoplasm of eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Need to use 2 ATPs to start reaction
Form 2 NADH
Form 4 ATPs (so net 2 ATPs)
Form 2 Pyruvic Acid Molecules (3 Carbons)

16. (Activation Energy)
PGAL

18. Anaerobic Respiration Steps
2. This step only happens in prokaryotes and eukaryotic muscle cells experiencing muscle fatigue or oxygen debt and yeast :
FERMENTATION (Primitive)
2Pyruvic Acid ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 +2NAD (From NADH)
2Pyruvic Acid lactic Acids + 2 NAD (From NADH)
Yeast and Bacteria
Bacteria and Muscle fatigue

20. Types of Anaerobic Organisms
Facultative Anaerobes= (Switch hitters)
If O2 is present, it will do aerobic respiration
If no O2 then it will do anaerobic respiration
Ex. Yeast

21. Types of Anaerobic Organisms
Obligate or Strict Anaerobes= only do anaerobic respiration
They can die in the presence of O2
Ex. Some types of bacteria

22. Anaerobic Respiration Stops Here

23. What do Aerobic Organisms do?
Aerobic Respiration begins here!

24. Aerobic Respiration Steps
Glycolysis with NO FERMENTATION!!!!!
Pyruvic Acid Breakdown

25. Pyruvic Acid Breakdown
Decarboxylation Reaction
Pyruvic Acid
In terms of numbers, double everything for each molecule of glucose

26. End Result of Pyruvic Acid Breakdown
1 NADH/ Pyruvic Acid=2 NADH/Glucose Molecule
1 CO2/ Pyruvic Acid=2 CO2/Glucose Molecule

27. Aerobic Respiration Steps
3. Krebs Cycle (a.k.a Citric-Acid Cycle)
Occurs in Matrix Region of Mitochondrion

28. Cycle goes around once for each Acetyl CoA, So 2 turns/Glucose Molecule

29. Kreb’s Cycle Bottom Line
3 NADH/Turn= 6 NADH/Glucose Molecule
1 FADH2/Turn=2 FADH2/Glucose Molecule
1 ATP/Turn =2 ATP/ Glucose Molecule
[1 GTP/Turn =2 GTP/Glucose Molecule]
2 CO2/ Turn =4 CO2/Glucose Molecule

30. So Far Not Too Many ATPs formed!

31. But we got all those NADHs and FADH2s!

32. What happens to them?
They move to the inner membrane cristae of the mitochondria
4. Chemiosmosis and the Electron Transport Chain

33. 100 ATP made/sec

34. Electron Transport Chain
The electrons of H+s (of FADH2 and NADH) are transferred from one membrane carrier to another membrane carrier (Cytochromes)
The electrons lose energy as they are transferred (like hot potato)
This energy drives membrane pumps involved with Chemiosmosis

35. Electron Transport Chain
Once the electrons have lost all energy they combine with O2 and H+ to form H2O

36. Chemiosmosis
The creation of a concentration gradient of H+ ions across the inner membrane. This involves active pumping of H+s.
The H+s then diffuse down their concentration gradient through an ATP Synthase enzyme that produces ATP
Process produces about 32 ATP

37. Electron Transport Chain Animation

38. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Fact:
Every day a person uses 1025 ATPs

39. Poisons Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide Rotenone (Insect Poison)
Block last electron carrier
Rotenone (Insect Poison)
Block initial electron carrier
Oligomycin (Antifungal cream)
Blocks ATP Synthase function

40. What if you get low on carbs?
Fats (Gives 2X ATP #s compared to glucose)
However, need to be twice as active to “burn” fat
Breakdown into glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol converted into a glycolysis intermediary
Fatty acids converted into Acetyl CoA

41. What if you get low on carbs?
2. Proteins (yields same amount of ATP as carbs)
NOT the preferred energy source
Amino acids converted into:
Pyruvic Acid
Acetyl CoA
Kreb’s Cycle Intermediary