1. Chapter 20: Employment Relationships

2. Introduction
Historically, employment law was governed by the common law doctrine of “employment at will” where either employer or employee could terminate the relationship at any time, for any reason.
Today employment law is heavily regulated by state and federal statutes.

3. § 1: Employment-at-Will
Traditionally, employment relationships have been by common law doctrine of “employment at will.”
Either party may terminate at any time for any reason.
Exceptions: Contract, Tort, Public Policy.

4. Exceptions to Employment-at-Will
Exception based on Contract Theory:
Courts hold implied contract exists, including oral contracts.
Termination may give ground for wrongful discharge.
Exception based on Tort Theory:
Abusive discharge procedures.
Reliance on false promises.

5. Exceptions Based on Public Policy
Whistleblowing occurs when an employee tells a supervisor or the press that the employer is engaged in some unsafe or illegal activity.
Protection under federal and state law.
Whistleblower Protection Act.
Case Wendeln v. The Beatrice Manor, Inc. (2006).

6. §2: Wage-Hour Laws Hours and Wages.
Davis-Bacon Act -- the prevailing wage act.
Walsh-Healey Act -- the beginning of minimum wages.
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) -- an extension of wage and hour regulation to workers in interstate commerce.

7. Wage-Hour Laws Child Labor. Overtime Exemptions.
FLSA prohibits oppressive child labor practices.
Overtime Exemptions.
Case Mims v. Starbucks Corp. (2007).

8. §3: Worker Health and Safety
The Occupational Safety and Health Act. (OSHA).
The fundamental federal law aimed toward safety in the workplace.
Enforcement is by OSHA, NIOSH, and the OSHRC.

9. State Workers’ Compensation Laws
Reduce employer liability to employees for workplace injuries, and provide a measure of assurance that workplace injuries will be compensated, regardless of the solvency of the employer, by:
Requiring that injured employees make a claim against the employer’s workers’ compensation insurance policy, instead of suing the employer.
Requiring most employers to carry workers’ compensation insurance.

10. §4: Income Security, Pension, and Health Plans
The primary income security laws are:
Social Security and Welfare.
Private Pension Plans.
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) gives employee a vested right to receive pension benefits at a future date when she stops working.
Unemployment Compensation.

11. Income Security, Pension, and Health Plans
COBRA prohibits the discontinuance of insurance benefits of workers who have voluntarily or involuntarily been separated from work, unless the involuntary separation was on the basis of gross misconduct.
Employers must comply if they have more than 20 employees.
Employer-Sponsored Group Health Plans.

12. §5: Family and Medical Leave
The FMLA requires employers with over 50 employees to provide unpaid leave to employees who need to care for a spouse, child, or parent suffering with a serious medical condition.
The employee cannot be terminated for taking leave under the policy, and has the right to restoration to the same or a similar position upon return to work.

13. FMLA Remedies for Violations.
Protects Employee’s Job and Health Benefits.
Applies to Both Public and Private-Sector Employers.
Case Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs (2003).
Remedies for Violations.
Unpaid salary, lost benefits, job reinstatement and promotion.

14. §6: Employee Privacy Rights
More than 2/3 employers use some sort of electronic monitoring of employees.
Laws Protecting Employee Privacy Rights.
Constitutional and Tort law.
ECPA
Privacy and Systems.

15. Other Types of Monitoring
Lie Detector Tests.
Prohibited, except under the ongoing investigation exception.
Drug Testing.
Most government employees are subject to testing and the rights of private employees vary from state to state.
AIDS/HIV Testing.
Some state statutes restrict AIDS testing.

16. Other Types of Monitoring
Electronic Performance Surveillance.
Most limitations can be avoided if the employer informs employees that surveillance will occur.
Screening Procedures.
Application question must have some reasonable connection to the job sought.