1. Work and Society in the 19th Century
The Social Impact of Industrialization

2. The Factory System Factories changed the very definition of “work”
Country to city
Outside to inside
Healthy to unhealthy
Workshops and apprenticeships disappeared
Workers entered factories because mechanized agriculture decreased the amount of rural labor necessary
McCormack Reaper
Barbed Wire

6. Class Struggle in the 1800s
Redistribution of wealth and power in 1800s led to conflict between the traditionally powerful and the nova riche
Aristocrats vs. merchants
Uprooting of traditional identifications
Karl Marx ( ) postulated a new theory of history in the Communist Manifesto claiming that all of history was a conflict between the rich and those they exploit
Believed industrialization would increase class warfare
The proletariat would rise up to overthrow the bourgeoisie
Industry slowly increased wages/benefits and improved working conditions to forestall the type of revolution Marx foretold

8. Urbanization Cities grew at unprecedented rates in 19th Century
Factories were built where people were already concentrated, and people moved to where the factories were
Improved transportation facilitated movement and growth
Port cities grew rapidly as more goods and materials were moved
New York
Shanghai
Resource extraction for industrialization also led to growth of cities around resource bases
San Francisco
Johannesburg
Melbourne
Early industrial cities were poorly planned, quickly built, and extremely dirty
Manchester
Barcelona

10. Effects of Urbanization
Development of city planning
Advances in sewer and water systems
Compulsory, universal education systems were developed
Make soldiers
Make factory workers
Keep children out of trouble and out of competition
Initial decrease in nutrition
Lack of variety
Lack of fresh foods

13. The End of Slavery Three forces opposed slavery
Christian evangelism
Enlightenment egalitarianism
Liberal economics
Countries outlawed the slave trade at beginning of 1800s
Expected it to bring an end to slavery
Ended up raising profits for slavers who could evade authorities
Slave owners turned to natural reproduction to increase population
British used as justification for further imperial control in Africa
Eventually abolitionist pressure led to end of slavery
Generally without violence
Except Haitian slave rebellion under Toussaint L’Ouverture
American Civil War about many other issues
Economic efficiency was the major impetus
Also led to end of serfdom in Europe in 1800s
Free peasantry and wage workers actually cost less than slaves

15. Replacing Slaves and Serfs
Convict labor used in many places
Coolies—poor laborers from India and China, provided with minimal pay—shipped by the millions all over the world
Tropical mining projects
Sugar Plantations
Colonial Railroads (American Transcontinental)
Chinese labor created Chinatowns or “Little China” settlements all over world
French conquered Indochina in part to solve labor dilemma

17. Female and Child Labor
Industrialization led to significant use of children in factories
Urbanization increased demand for domestic servants, bringing women into work force
Industrialization of textile manufacture brought women into factories
Improvements in mechanization gradually took women and children back out of the industrial machine